{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T04:40:48Z","timestamp":1760157648694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62461021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62461021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Support Program for Young PhDs in Gansu Universities","award":["2024QB-109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QB-109"]}]},{"name":"the Doctoral Research Initiation Fund Project of Hexi University","award":["KYQD2024011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYQD2024011"]}]},{"name":"the College Students' Innovation Training Program","award":["S202510740053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202510740053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of questionnaire survey results as a clinical diagnostic method for schizophrenia lacks a certain degree of objectivity; thus, markers of schizophrenia in different brain signals have been widely investigated. The objective of this investigation was to explore potential markers of schizophrenia by investigating nonequilibrium features in magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals. We propose a new method to quantify the nonequilibrium features of MEG signals: the multiscale permutation time irreversibility (MsPTIRR) index. The results revealed that the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings of patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings of patients with schizophrenia and HCs differed significantly in the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobe regions. Furthermore, the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings differed significantly between patients with schizophrenia and HCs in the \u03b8, \u03b1 and \u03b2 bands. Abnormal nonequilibrium features mined in MEG recordings using the MsPTIRR index may be used as potential markers for schizophrenia, assisting in the clinical diagnosis of this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27101038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1759738251000},"page":"1038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiscale Permutation Time Irreversibility Analysis of MEG in Patients with Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1359-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengxuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Information, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}]},{"given":"Muxuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenpo","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01730-X","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"399","author":"Jauhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00348-5","article-title":"Heterogeneous patterns of brain atrophy in schizophrenia localize to a common brain network","volume":"3","author":"Makhlouf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Wang, M., Ju, H., Ding, W., and Zhang, D. 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