{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T07:25:49Z","timestamp":1776151549061,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"European Union HORIZON EUROPE program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101084220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101084220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classical thermodynamics (CT) has become integrated into everyday life, especially through its applications in engineering. In contrast, out-of-equilibrium thermodynamics (OET) is often viewed as a fundamental science that seems distant from daily experiences. While \u201cenergy\u201d is a familiar term in households, \u201centropy,\u201d which refers to degraded energy, remains enigmatic. This gap in understanding has significant implications for developing effective sustainability practices. CT typically emphasizes the efficiency of individual systems that produce work, often overlooking the entropy production that occurs within larger, interconnected systems. This paper aims to establish a philosophical framework that transforms OET into what is referred to as \u201clived thermodynamics.\u201d This framework is grounded in pragmatism, particularly drawing from the early synthesis of thermodynamics and evolutionary theory proposed by Charles S. Peirce. A central aspect of this approach involves shifting the focus from traditional \u201csystems\u201d to out-of-equilibrium assemblages. In these assemblages, the physical trends of entropy production are often interrupted and redirected by evolutionary innovations and random events. The evolving envelope of open systems within these assemblages manifests an increasing rate of entropy production. This synthesis of thermodynamics and evolutionary theory builds on Lotka\u2019s pioneering contributions and contemporary theories, particularly Vermeij\u2019s work on the evolution of power. The framework introduces a sustainability criterion based on entropy. By applying this criterion, OET can evolve into \u201clived thermodynamics,\u201d fostering a holistic understanding of energy use in devices and technological systems while considering the broader implications of entropy production in the out-of-equilibrium assemblages in which we live.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27121257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards Pragmatist Thermodynamics: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Entropy and Sustainability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Herrmann-Pillath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Weber Centre for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies, Erfurt University, 99089 Erfurt, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessling, B. 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