{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T06:32:54Z","timestamp":1766212374890,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado (SIP) of the Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP-20251347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-20251347"]}]},{"name":"Proyecto multidisciplinario","award":["SIP-3398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-3398"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work extends the steady flow Lenoir cycle within finite-time thermodynamics (FTT) by incorporating heat transfer irreversibilities through the \u03b5\u2212NTU formalism and a non-isentropic expansion modeled via the expander isentropic efficiency \u03b7E. The total conductance UT (sum for the two heat exchangers) is partitioned between hot and cold units using uL=UL\/UT, with UT=UH+UL. For each triplet (\u03c4=TH\/TL, UL, UT), we closed the cycle by determining T1, the working fluid temperature at the cooler outlet and heater inlet, T2, the heater outlet and expander inlet, and T3, the expander outlet and cooler inlet. Using these states, we compute the heat rates Q\u02d912, Q\u02d931 and the net power P. In addition to the thermal efficiency \u03b7, the following extended objective functions are evaluated: the efficient power EF, the ecological efficiency \u03d5, and the second law efficiency \u03b7II. Parametric sweeps on uL for \u03c4\u00a0\u03f5\u00a03.25,3.75 and UT\u00a0\u03f5\u00a02.5,5.0,7.5,10\u00a0kW show unimodal curves for P(uL) and maxima. A robust result places the optima of P, \u03b7, EF, \u03d5, and \u03b7II in a distribution band at uL~0.6. This guideline offers clear design guidance for allocating exchange area in heat recovery and microgeneration, maximizing power, high \u03b7, and exergetic utilization with contained entropic penalty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27121262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:45:07Z","timestamp":1766065507000},"page":"1262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transfer Irreversibilities in the Lenoir Cycle: FTT Design Criteria with \u03b5\u2212NTU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9401-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo T.","family":"P\u00e1ez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de F\u00edsica de Procesos Irreversibles, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, U-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo No. 420, Col. Nueva el Rosario, Alcald\u00eda Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 02128, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6105-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Pacheco-Paez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, U-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo No. 420, Col. Nueva el Rosario, Alcald\u00eda Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 02128, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, D.R. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (IPN). Av. Luis Enrique Erro S\/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 07738, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-0190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Chimal-Egu\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ciencias Matem\u00e1ticas y Computacionales, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 07738, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Delfino","family":"Ladino-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de F\u00edsica de Procesos Irreversibles, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, U-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo No. 420, Col. Nueva el Rosario, Alcald\u00eda Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 02128, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Contreras-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, D.R. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (IPN). Av. Luis Enrique Erro S\/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 07738, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1119\/1.10023","article-title":"Efficiency of a Carnot engine at maximum power output","volume":"43","author":"Curzon","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, R.S., Salamon, P., and Andresen, B. (2020). How it all began. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22080908"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"157","article-title":"Thermodynamics in finite time: Extremals for imperfect engines","volume":"66","author":"Andresen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chem. 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