{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:29:43Z","timestamp":1766575783812,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A ring of classical charge with a charged point particle oscillating within is first analyzed. The charged particle interacts with classical electromagnetic thermal radiation, which causes the particle to fluctuate, while the ring of charge imparts a resonant frequency to the particle\u2019s motion. Oscillations in one direction within the plane of the ring are analyzed. The radius of the ring is slowly altered. The accompanying change in the particle\u2019s average internal energy and the average work done in changing the radius are calculated. This leads to a derivation of the classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation spectrum. Next, the second law of thermodynamics is applied to the entropy to enable a more general derivation of the Wien displacement law. With this derivation, zero-point radiation can be included in the Wien displacement law. Finally the definition of the thermodynamic temperature is emphasized, and methods for performing the needed calculations for the temperature ratio are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermodynamic Operations and Entropy Considerations for a Ring-of-Charge Oscillator System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Pe\u00f1a, L., and Cetto, A.M. (1996). The Quantum Dice\u2014An Introduction to Stochastic Electrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8723-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.11.790","article-title":"Random electrodynamics: The theory of classical electrodynamics with classical electromagnetic zero\u2013point radiation","volume":"11","author":"Boyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyer, T.H. (2019). Stochastic electrodynamics: The closest classical approximation to quantum theory. Atoms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/atoms7010029"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.1.1572","article-title":"Splitting of the Maxwell tensor: Radiation reaction without advanced fields","volume":"1","author":"Teitelboim","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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Rev."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/28\/1\/19\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1766575531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/28\/1\/19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["e28010019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e28010019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]}}}