{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:37:22Z","timestamp":1768588642122,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Projects in Key Fields of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province","award":["2022ZDZX1013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDZX1013"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation General Project","award":["2024A1515011971, 2024A1515010219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515011971, 2024A1515010219"]}]},{"name":"Key Discipline Improvement Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2022ZDJS015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDJS015"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2024B03J1361, 2023B03J1327, 2023A04J0362, 2023A04J0361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B03J1361, 2023B03J1327, 2023A04J0362, 2023A04J0361"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2024B03J1361, 2023B03J1327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B03J1361, 2023B03J1327"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Capacity Improvement Project of the Doctoral Program Construction Unit of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","award":["22GPNUZDJS17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GPNUZDJS17"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Education Demonstration Base Project of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","award":["2023YJSY04002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YJSY04002"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary Colleges and Universities Young Innovative Talents Project","award":["2022KQNCX038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KQNCX038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the signal detection problem in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) systems using deep learning (DL) techniques. In particular, a DL-based detector termed FullTrans-IM is proposed, which integrates the Transformer architecture with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. Unlike conventional methods that treat signal detection as a classification task, the proposed approach reformulates it as a sequence prediction problem by exploiting the sequence modeling capability of the Transformer\u2019s decoder rather than relying solely on the encoder. This formulation enables the detector to effectively learn channel characteristics and modulation patterns, thereby improving detection accuracy and robustness. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FullTrans-IM detector achieves superior bit error rate (BER) performance compared with conventional methods such as zero-forcing (ZF) and existing DL-based detectors under Rayleigh fading channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Transformer\u2013LSTM Hybrid Detector for OFDM-IM Signal Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5222-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zian","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sound and Vibration Division P&R Measurement Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519125, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinfa","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xidong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bolong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8586-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianxian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7070-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2279771","article-title":"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation","volume":"61","author":"Poor","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, B., Wen, M., Basar, E., and Chen, F. (2017, January 21\u201325). Low-complexity near-optimal detector for multiple-input multiple-output OFDM with index modulation. 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