{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T21:57:04Z","timestamp":1768859824071,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biophotons are non-thermal and non-bioluminescent ultraweak photon emissions, first hypothesised by Gurwitsch as a regulatory mechanism in cell division, and then experimentally observed in living organisms. Today, two main hypotheses explain their origin: stochastic decay of excited molecules and coherent electromagnetic fields produced in biochemical processes. Recent interest focuses on the role of biophotons in cellular communication and disease monitoring. This study presents the first campaign of biophoton emission measurements from cultured astrocytes and glioblastoma cells, conducted at Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza (FPS) using two ultra-sensitive setups developed in collaboration between the National Laboratories of Frascati (LNF-INFN) and the University of Rome II Tor Vergata. The statistical analyses of the collected data revealed a clear separation between cellular signals and dark noise, confirming the high sensitivity of the apparatus. The Diffusion Entropy Analysis (DEA) was applied to the data to uncover dynamic patterns, revealing anomalous diffusion and long-range memory effects that may be related to intercellular signaling and cellular communication. These findings support the hypothesis that biophoton emissions encode rich information beyond intensity, reflecting metabolic and pathological states. The differences revealed by applying the Diffusion Entropy Analysis to the biophotonic signals of Astrocytes and Glioblastoma are highlighted and discussed in the paper. This work lays the groundwork for future studies on neuronal cultures and proposes biophoton dynamics as a promising tool for non-invasive diagnostics and the study of cellular communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Experimental Measurements of Biophotons from Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Cell Cultures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4203-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca De","family":"Paolis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3374-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7249-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Mazzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8796-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca Di","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4848-3182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Tonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"},{"name":"Gioya Higher Education Institution, E305, The Hub Workspace, Triq San Andrija, SGN1612 San Gwann, Malta"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1990-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Curceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Clozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Grandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto La Torre, Via M. Ponzio 10, 10141 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Davoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7249-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Gemignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Grigolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2493-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Benfatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via E. 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