{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:22:59Z","timestamp":1772778179154,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we discuss the geometric structure, i.e., Dirac structure, underlying port-Hamiltonian systems. The paper has a tutorial character, and thus it contains questions\/exercises. We start with the general definition of a Dirac structure and show that on finite-dimensional spaces, there is a simple matrix characterization. By simple examples, we show that, even in the finite-dimensional case, a Dirac structure does not guarantee the existence of solutions for an associated ordinary differential or difference equation. For associated partial differential equations, i.e., on an infinite-dimensional Dirac structure, the existence problem becomes even more challenging. We show that the spaces have to be chosen with care, but when we have shown the existence of solutions, then the Dirac structure will give us the desired properties, such as conservation of energy. The Dirac structure also implies that the associated transfer function has nice properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28030292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1772636467000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Dirac Structures to Port-Hamiltonian Partial Differential Equations, a Tutorial Introduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3451-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Zwart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied mathematics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duindam, V., Macchelli, A., Stramigioli, S., and Bruyninckx, H. (2009). Modeling and Control of Complex Physical Systems. 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Control Inf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0393-0440(01)00083-3","article-title":"Hamiltonian formulation of distributed-parameter systems with boundary energy flow","volume":"42","author":"Maschke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geom. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1137\/040611677","article-title":"Dirac structures and boundary control systems associated with skew-symmetric differential operators","volume":"44","author":"Zwart","year":"2005","journal-title":"SIAM J. Control Optim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Schaft, A. (2016). L2-Gain and Passivity Techniques in Nonlinear Control, Springer. [3rd ed.]. Communications and Control Engineering.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49992-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Schaft, A. (2000). L2-Gain and Passivity Techniques in Nonlinear Control, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0507-7"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Golo, G. (2002). Interconnection Structures in Port-Based Modelling: Tools for Analysis and Simulation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3934\/cam.2023018","article-title":"Stokes-Dirac structures for distributed parameter port-Hamiltonian systems: An analytical viewpoint","volume":"15","author":"Brugnoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Anal. Mech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9947-1990-0998124-1","article-title":"Dirac manifolds","volume":"319","author":"Courant","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Math. 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