{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:54:13Z","timestamp":1785430453208,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62566052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62566052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72371224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72371224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["62566052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62566052"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["72371224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72371224"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kunlun Talent Program of Qinghai Province","award":["[2024]1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2024]1"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligent","award":["2025-ZJ-J08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-ZJ-J08"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Major Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research of Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JZDZ008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JZDZ008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Foundation for Social Sciences","award":["21AXW006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21AXW006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zeng Xianzi Funds for international exchanges"},{"name":"ZJU-USYD Ignition Grants"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the existing research on information propagation modeling in social networks, hypergraphs have been widely applied to characterize the high-order interaction relationships involving multiple nodes. However, most models are still based on the assumption of undirected connections, which leads to certain limitations in depicting the information flow direction and the structural characteristics of propagation chains. To address the above problems, a social hypernetwork propagation model with directional constraints is constructed in this paper by introducing the directed hypergraph structure and combining it with the improved SEIR model. The strength of social relationships is measured by intimacy in the model, and a comprehensive characterization of the information propagation process is achieved by integrating the threshold mechanism of the directed hypergraphs with the attenuation function of information timeliness. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by taking the event of \u201cimposing additional tariffs\u201d as an example, and the evolutionary characteristics of propagation in different network structures, as well as the impacts of user confidence and information timeliness, are analyzed using simulation experiments. The results indicate that the model is applicable to characterizing the information propagation trends and dynamic characteristics in real social networks, and can provide theoretical references and methodological support for the prediction and regulation of network public opinion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28040420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:21:32Z","timestamp":1775737292000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Propagation Model of Social Hypernetwork Based on Directed Hypergraph"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligent Information Processing and Application, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng-Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligent Information Processing and Application, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7016-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligent Information Processing and Application, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"Center for Digital Communication Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-06067-1","article-title":"Misinformation dissemination on social media: Key research themes and evolutionary paths between 2013 and 2023","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanit. 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