{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:06:17Z","timestamp":1779210377737,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Department of Education Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["202502001292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202502001292"]}]},{"name":"Ye Qixun Science Fund of the National Natural Science 292 Foundation of China","award":["U2441219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2441219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum secret sharing (QSS) has been previously demonstrated with conceivability in optical-fiber channels. However, extending this framework to the microwave frequency band presents challenges in achieving secure quantum communications over turbulent channels, as intricate turbulence can induce amplitude and phase jitter in quantum signals, leading to decoherence or even interruptions in the communication link. In this work, we propose a microwave-enabled continuous-variable quantum secret sharing (CVQSS) scheme operating over turbulent free-space channels. The protocol explicitly addresses the extreme sensitivity of microwave quantum states to environmental turbulence, which manifests as severe amplitude and phase fluctuations. It incorporates the Shamir threshold scheme to facilitate multi-user secret sharing. We suggest a flexible approach to solving problems of adaptive phase compensation and multi-aperture reception techniques when characterizing an equivalent noise channel based on the Kolmogorov turbulence model. The proposed measurement-device-independent (MDI) architecture renders the protocol immune to all detector-side attacks, provided that the state preparation at the users\u2019 side is trusted. Numerical simulations ascertain the performance of the microwave continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (CV-MDI-QSS) system and demonstrate the feasibility of practical deployment in complicated turbulent channels. This approach offers a turbulence-resistant solution for dynamic quantum networks through harsh free-space channels implemented in microwave-propagated environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28050540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:07:26Z","timestamp":1779206846000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous-Variable Quantum Secret Sharing Through Microwave-Enabled Turbulent Channels with Measurement-Device-Independent Scheme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Weihan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8647-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangtao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Informational Service for Rural Area of Southwestern Hunan, College of Information Science and Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109836","article-title":"Enhanced Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol for Anonymous Secure Communication Utilizing W States","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.162","article-title":"Quantum Entanglement for Secret Sharing and Secret Splitting","volume":"59","author":"Karlsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. 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