{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T08:01:12Z","timestamp":1780905672601,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breslow thickness is a key prognostic parameter in the staging of cutaneous melanoma, but its manual measurement is affected by operator dependency and the complex morphology of the epidermis. Identifying both the deepest melanocyte and the correct perpendicular path to the epidermal surface can be challenging, especially in highly irregular tissues. This study investigates a more robust estimation of Breslow thickness through the development of a semi-automated Computer Vision\u2013based software. Inter-operator variability was assessed by comparing measurements performed by seven histopathologists on 40 Whole Slide Images of non-ulcerated pT1a melanomas with Breslow thickness below 0.8 mm. The agreement between human measurements and AI results was evaluated. Significant variability in the orientation of the measurement segments was observed, highlighting the difficulty for human operators in identifying the correct perpendicular direction. A linear relationship was found between angular variance and variance in Breslow thickness values, linking epidermal irregularity to increased measurement uncertainty. Overall, statistically significant differences were observed between the AI system and five of the seven operators, indicating a general tendency among experts to overestimate Breslow thickness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28060643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:43:02Z","timestamp":1780904582000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards Accurate Breslow Measurements: Mitigating Issues in Histopathological Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Curti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Dall\u2019Olio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science and Bioinformatics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Veronesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6944-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Querzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5053-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Venturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7465-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azzurra","family":"Sisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1924-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Peluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gastone","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Dika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31828a2ec5","article-title":"Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: Update on Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers","volume":"36","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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