{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1780918513254,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant development of the photovoltaic market in the European Union has been observed recently. This is mainly due to the adopted climate policy and the development of photovoltaic technology, resulting in increased availability for consumers at lower prices. In the long run, increased installed PV capacity is associated with an increased amount of photovoltaic waste generated at the end of life. Since this waste belongs to the group of WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) waste, it is subjected to high recovery levels. Existing installations for the highly efficient recycling of PV panels are just proofs of concept. However, the situation will change in the near future, and it will be necessary to implement a full-scale waste management system dedicated to PV waste. The paper estimates mass streams of photovoltaic waste generated by 2050 in individual EU countries. Consequently, the characteristics of the European market of waste PV panels are considered together with the demand of individual Member States for installations. The estimation enables the fulfillment of the Directive on WEEE recovery rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en16010284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1672205514000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prediction of the Market of End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels in the Context of Common EU Management System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4221-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Miscea.pl Engineering Sp. z o.o., Zimnej Wody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Wajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy and Fuel Processing Technology, 41-803 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3133-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Poranek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Building Engineering and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhangi","family":"Bhadoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Remiorz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2015). The Paris Agreement, United Nations Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, November 28). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"187","article-title":"Renewable Energy Sources as an Element of European Green Deal and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)","volume":"Volume 21","author":"Trofymchuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM, Sofia, Bulgaria, 7\u201310 December 2021"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poranek, N., \u0141a\u017aniewska-Piekarczyk, B., Lombardi, L., Czajkowski, A., Bogacka, M., and Piko\u0144, K. (2022). Green Deal and circular economy of bottom ash waste management in building industry\u2014Alkali (NaOH) pre-treatment. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15103487"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2019). Future of Solar Photovoltaic: Deployment, Investment, Technology, Grid Integration and Socio-Economic Aspects (A Global Energy Transformation: Paper), International Renewable Energy Agency, IRENA."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021). Trading Into a New Bright Energy Future, International Renewable Energy Agency, IRENA."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021). Solar PV, International Energy Agency IEA."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, October 30). Solar Power Europe\u2014Leading the Energy Transition. Available online: www.solarpowereurope.org."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.31025\/2611-4135\/2021.15118","article-title":"Innovative recycling of end of life silicon PV panels: Resielp","volume":"16","author":"Cerchier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Detritus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaska, K., and Generowicz, A. (2020). SMART computational solutions for the optimization of selected technology processes as an innovation and progress in improving energy efficiency of smart cities\u2014A case study. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13133338"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2012). Directive 2012\/19\/EU on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Global Cumulative Installed Solar PV Capacity (2022, September 29). Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/280220\/global-cumulative-installed-solar-pv-capacity."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W.-S., Chen, Y.-J., Lee, C.-H., Cheng, Y.-J., Chen, Y.-A., Liu, F.-W., Wang, Y.-C., and Chueh, Y.-L. (2021). Recovery of Valuable Materials from the Waste Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Cell and Ribbon. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9040712"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2019.100431","article-title":"An overview of solar photovoltaic panels \u2019end-of-life material recycling","volume":"27","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review and design of a standalone PV system performance","volume":"1","author":"Kazem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u0142odarczyk, R. (2022). Analysis of the Photovoltaic Waste-Recycling Process in Polish Conditions\u2014A Short Review. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084739"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Jia, S., and Ramakrishna, S. (2022). End-of-Life Photovoltaic Modules. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15145113"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"BP (2022). Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, BP."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2022). Solar Thermal and Concentrated Solar Power Barometers, Eur\u2019observer."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Dodd, N., and Espinosa, N. (2022, October 30). Preparatory Study for Solar Photovoltaic Modules, Inverters and Systems: Options for an EU Ecolabel and Green Public Procurement, European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Available online: https:\/\/susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/product-bureau\/sites\/default\/files\/contentype\/product_group_documents\/1581689975\/190410_PV_Prep_study_Ecolabel_and_GPP_Preliminary_Consultation_Draft.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022, October 10). Renewable Energy\u2014Recast to 2030 (RED II). Available online: https:\/\/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu\/welcome-jec-website\/reference-regulatory-framework\/renewable-energy-recast-2030-red-ii_en."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12297","article-title":"Closed-loop supply chains for photovoltaic panels: A case-based approach","volume":"20","author":"Besiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Clyncke, J. (2014, January 22\u201326). Regulatory Developments in Europe\u2014The EU WEEE Directive and the National Implementations. Proceedings of the 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Wambach, K. (2017). Life Cycle Inventory of Current Photovoltaic Module Recycling Process in Europe, The United States Department of Energy and Electric Power Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markert, E., Celik, I., and Apul, D. (2020). Private and Externality Costs and Benefits of Recycling Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Photovoltaic Panels. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13143650"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (2022). Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muteri, V., Cellura, M., Curto, D., Franzitta, V., Longo, S., Mistretta, M., and Parisi, M.L. (2020). Review on Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Panels. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13010252"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukowski, M., Majewski, J., and Sobolewska, A. (2021). Macroeconomic Electric Energy Production Efficiency of Photovoltaic Panels in Single-Family Homes in Poland. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14185721"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sung, K. (2021, January 23\u201316). A Review on Upcycling: Current Body of Literature, Knowledge Gaps and a Way Forward. Proceedings of the ICECESS 2015 17th International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, Online."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Held, M. (2022, October 28). LCA screening of a recycling process for silicon based PV modules. Available online: http:\/\/www.pvcycle.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/Exec-Summary-LCA-Screening-of-a-Recycling-process-of-silicon-based-PV-modules-2012-07.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2018.04.053","article-title":"Demanufacturing photovoltaic panels: Comparison of end-of-life treatment strategies for improved resource recovery","volume":"67","author":"Duflou","year":"2018","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.01.012","article-title":"Recycling of photovoltaic panels by physical operations","volume":"123","author":"Granata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dassisti, M., Florio, G., Maddalena, F., Campana, G., Howlett, R.J., Setchi, R., and Cimatti, B. (2017). Cryogenic Delamination and Sustainability: Analysis of an Innovative Recycling Process for Photovoltaic Crystalline Modules BT\u2014Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2017, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57078-5_60"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wang, S. (2022, October 24). Method and Device for Decomposing and Recycling Photovoltaic Component. CN102544239A. Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/CN102544239B\/en."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.07.025","article-title":"Experimental validation of crystalline silicon solar cells recycling by thermal and chemical methods","volume":"94","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, October 30). PV Cycle. Available online: http:\/\/www.pvcycle.org\/homepage\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Veolia (2022, October 20). Recycling Photovoltaic Panels, a Technology Unique in France. Available online: https:\/\/www.veolia.com\/en\/solution\/recycling-photovoltaic-panels-technology-unique-france."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2022, October 25). Recycling of Solar Panels: A New Challenge for Going Green. Available online: https:\/\/techinformed.com\/recycling-solar-panels-a-new-challenge-for-going-green\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2022, October 28). Loser Chemie. Available online: https:\/\/lc-freiberg.de\/products-and-services\/non-destructive-processing-of-pv-modules\/?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, October 15). Solar World. Available online: https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2021\/08\/19\/1032215\/solar-panels-recycling\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.11.011","article-title":"Physical and chemical treatment of end of life panels: An integrated automatic approach viable for different photovoltaic technologies","volume":"59","author":"Pagnanelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2016.03.020","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of an innovative recycling process for crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels","volume":"156","author":"Latunussa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2016.12.038","article-title":"A method to recycle silicon wafer from end-of-life photovoltaic module and solar panels by using recycled silicon wafers","volume":"162","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2019.01.035","article-title":"Photovoltaic module recycling, a physical and a chemical recovery process","volume":"193","author":"Azeumo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2018.057","article-title":"Recovery of silicon, copper and aluminium from scrap silicon wafers by leaching and precipitation","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.03.016","article-title":"Recycling WEEE: Extraction and concentration of silver from waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules","volume":"57","author":"Dias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X13479433","article-title":"Resource recovery of scrap silicon solar battery cell","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manage. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.208","article-title":"Photovoltaic waste assessment in Italy","volume":"41","author":"Paiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b00894","article-title":"Sustainable system for raw-metal recovery from crystalline silicon solar panels: From noble-metal extraction to lead removal","volume":"4","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"SolarPower Europe (2021). EU Market Outlook for Solar Power 2021\u20132025, SolarPower Europe."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.11.022","article-title":"Crystalline silicon photovoltaic recycling planning: Macro and micro perspectives","volume":"66","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-017-0474-6","article-title":"Real prospects for the development of power technologies based on renewable energy sources in Poland","volume":"11","author":"Dykas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Energy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-0895-G03-07","article-title":"Life cycle analysis of solar module recycling process","volume":"895","author":"Muller","year":"2005","journal-title":"MRS Proc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.07.031","article-title":"Environmental impacts of PV technology throughout the life cycle: Importance of the end-of-life management for Si-panels and CdTe-panels","volume":"138","author":"Vellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.12.038","article-title":"Environmental influence assessment of China\u2019s multicrystalline silicon (multi-Si) photovoltaic modules considering recycling process","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Stolz, P., Frischknecht, R., Wambach, K., Sinha, P., and Heath, G. (2016). Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaic Module Recycling, CH Treeze Ltd."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lunardi, M., Alvarez-Gaitan, J., Bilbao, J., and Corkish, R. (2018). Comparative life cycle assessment of end-of-life silicon photovoltaic modules. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8081396"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Economic feasibility for recycling of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules","volume":"2017","author":"Miliacca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/1\/284\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:38Z","timestamp":1760147558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/1\/284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["en16010284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16010284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]}}}