{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:42:14Z","timestamp":1761324134858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]],"date-time":"2018-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientific workflow applications are collections of several structured activities and fine-grained computational tasks. Scientific workflow scheduling in cloud computing is a challenging research topic due to its distinctive features. In cloud environments, it has become critical to perform efficient task scheduling resulting in reduced scheduling overhead, minimized cost and maximized resource utilization while still meeting the user-specified overall deadline. This paper proposes a strategy, Dynamic Scheduling of Bag of Tasks based workflows (DSB), for scheduling scientific workflows with the aim to minimize financial cost of leasing Virtual Machines (VMs) under a user-defined deadline constraint. The proposed model groups the workflow into Bag of Tasks (BoTs) based on data dependency and priority constraints and thereafter optimizes the allocation and scheduling of BoTs on elastic, heterogeneous and dynamically provisioned cloud resources called VMs in order to attain the proposed method\u2019s objectives. The proposed approach considers pay-as-you-go Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds having inherent features such as elasticity, abundance, heterogeneity and VM provisioning delays. A trace-based simulation using benchmark scientific workflows representing real world applications, demonstrates a significant reduction in workflow computation cost while the workflow deadline is met. The results validate that the proposed model produces better success rates to meet deadlines and cost efficiencies in comparison to adapted state-of-the-art algorithms for similar problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi10010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T12:26:02Z","timestamp":1515414362000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Elastic Scheduling of Scientific Workflows under Deadline Constraints in Cloud Computing Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nazia","family":"Anwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.4041","article-title":"A taxonomy and survey on scheduling algorithms for scientific workflows in IaaS cloud computing environments","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80008-0","article-title":"Np-complete scheduling problems","volume":"10","author":"Ullman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4018\/jwsr.2007100102","article-title":"Extensible architecture for high-performance, scalable, reliable publish-subscribe eventing and notification","volume":"4","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Web Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., and Deelman, E. (2011, January 14). Workflow overhead analysis and optimizations. Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Workflows in Support of Large-Scale Science, Seattle, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2110497.2110500"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.09.014","article-title":"Using imbalance metrics to optimize task clustering in scientific workflow executions","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-015-9344-9","article-title":"Cost-time efficient scheduling plan for executing workflows flows in the cloud","volume":"13","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Grid Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.07.021","article-title":"Low-time complexity budget deadline constrained workflow scheduling on heterogeneous resources","volume":"55","author":"Arabnejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.01.004","article-title":"Algorithms for cost- and deadline-constrained provisioning for scientific workflow ensembles in iaas clouds","volume":"48","author":"Malawski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, M., and Humphrey, M. (2011, January 12\u201318). Auto-scaling to minimize cost and meet application deadlines in cloud workflows. Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, Seatle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2063384.2063449"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2011.05.001","article-title":"Cost optimized provisioning of elastic resources for application workflows","volume":"27","author":"Byun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"An optimized MapReduce workflow scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous computing","volume":"72","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"255","article-title":"On-Line, non-clairvoyant optimization of workflow activity granularity on grids","volume":"Volume 8097","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Parallel Processing, Aachen, Germany, 26\u201330 August 2013"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2013.2272758","article-title":"Self-adaptive learning PSO-based deadline constrained task scheduling for hybrid IaaS cloud","volume":"11","author":"Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.11.014","article-title":"Multi-criteria scheduling of bag-of-tasks applications on heterogeneous interlinked clouds with simulated annealing","volume":"101","author":"Moschakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2012.05.004","article-title":"Deadline-constrained workflow scheduling algorithms for infrastructure as a service clouds","volume":"29","author":"Abrishami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1-1","article-title":"Resource provisioning for task-batch based workflows with deadlines in public clouds","volume":"PP","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.09.054","article-title":"A novel cost-efficient approach for deadline-constrained workflow scheduling by dynamic provisioning of resources","volume":"79","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.05.009","article-title":"Scheduling dynamic workloads in multi-tenant scientific workflow as a service platforms","volume":"79","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/3041036","article-title":"Budget-Driven Scheduling of Scientific Workflows in IaaS Clouds with Fine-Grained Billing Periods","volume":"12","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32152-3_9","article-title":"Adaptive multi-level workflow scheduling with uncertain task estimates","volume":"Volume 9574","author":"Dziok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2012.03.022","article-title":"Task granularity policies for deploying bag-of-task applications on global grids","volume":"29","author":"Muthuvelu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malawski, M., Juve, G., Deelman, E., and Nabrzyski, J. (2012, January 10\u201316). Cost- and deadline-constrained provisioning for scientific workflow ensembles in IaaS clouds. Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2012.38"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"219","article-title":"Pegasus: A framework for mapping complex scientific workflows onto distributed systems","volume":"13","author":"Deelman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Programm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-77","article-title":"Tavaxy: Integrating Taverna and Galaxy workflows with cloud computing support","volume":"13","author":"Abouelhoda","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.10.008","article-title":"Pegasus, a workflow management system for science automation","volume":"46","author":"Deelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/1721654.1721672","article-title":"A view of cloud computing","volume":"53","author":"Armbrust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostermann, S., Iosup, A., Yigibasi, N., Prodan, R., Fahringer, T., and Epema, D. (2010). A performance analysis of EC2 cloud computing services for scientific computing. Cloud Computing, Springer. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12636-9_9"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Jackson, K.R., Ramakrishnan, L., Muriki, K., Canon, S., Cholia, S., Shalf, J., and Wright, N.J. (December, January 30). Performance analysis of high performance computing applications on the Amazon Web Services cloud. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), Indianapolis, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/71.993206","article-title":"Performance-effective and low-complexity task scheduling for heterogeneous computing","volume":"13","author":"Topcuoglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2012.08.015","article-title":"Characterizing and profiling scientific workflows","volume":"29","author":"Juve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2015.2446459","article-title":"Evolutionary Multi-Objective Workflow Scheduling in Cloud","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., and Deelman, E. (2012, January 8\u201312). WorkflowSim: A toolkit for simulating scientific workflows in distributed environments. Proceedings of the IEEE 8th International Conference on E-Science (e-Science), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/eScience.2012.6404430"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.995","article-title":"CloudSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of cloud computing environments and evaluation of resource provisioning algorithms","volume":"41","author":"Calheiros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M.A., and Buyya, R. (2015, January 1\u20134). A Responsive Knapsack-based Algorithm for Resource Provisioning and Scheduling of Scientific Workflows in Clouds. Proceedings of the IEEE 44th International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPP.2015.93"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Muller, K.E., and Fetterman, B.A. (2002). Regression and ANOVA: An Integrated Approach Using SAS Software, SAS Institute."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/10\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:24Z","timestamp":1760194224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/10\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["fi10010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi10010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]]}}}