{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:48:16Z","timestamp":1768553296277,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The unexpected change in user equipment (UE) velocity is recognized as the primary explanation for poor handover quality. In order to resolve this issue, while limiting ping-pong (PP) events we carefully and dynamically optimized handover parameters for each UE unit according to its velocity and the coverage area of the access point (AP). In order to recognize any variations in velocity, we applied Allan variance (AVAR) to the received signal strength (RSS) from the serving AP. To assess our approach, it was essential to configure a heterogeneous network context (LTE-WiFi) and interconnect Media-Independent Handover (MIH) and Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) for seamless handover. Reproduction demonstrated that our approach does not only result in a gain in relatively accurate velocity but in addition reduces the number of PP and handover failures (HOFs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi10010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T12:30:36Z","timestamp":1516019436000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Velocity-Aware Handover Trigger in Two-Tier Heterogeneous Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1453-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmae","family":"Ait Mansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LRIT-CNRST (URAC N 29), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 1014, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Nourddine","family":"Enneya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Informatics, Systems and Optimization, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 133, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ouadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LRIT-CNRST (URAC N 29), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 1014, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.856828","article-title":"Improving handoff performance in wireless overlay networks by switching between two-layer ipv6 and one-layer ipv6 addressing","volume":"23","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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