{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:56:45Z","timestamp":1760241405495,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]],"date-time":"2018-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper is the first to investigate the effect of industrial penetration (geographic concentration of industries) and internet intensity (the proportion of enterprises that uses the internet) for Taiwan manufacturing firms, and analyses whether the relationships are substitutes or complements. The sample observations are based on a unique set of data, namely 153,081 manufacturing plants, and covers 26 two-digit industry categories and 358 geographical townships in Taiwan. The Heckman sample selection model is used to accommodate sample selectivity for unobservable data for firms that use the internet. The empirical results from Heckman\u2019s two-stage estimation show that: (1) a higher degree of industrial penetration will not affect the probability that firms will use the internet, but it will affect the total expenditure on internet intensity; (2) for two-digit SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) industries, industrial penetration generally decreases the total expenditure on internet intensity; and, (3) industrial penetration and internet intensity are substitutes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi10030031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Statistical Analysis of Industrial Penetration and Internet Intensity in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8835-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Lin","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Economics, Department of Finance, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"McAleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finance, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Discipline of Business Analytics, University of Sydney Business School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Economic Analysis and ICAE, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chieh","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Economics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lin, Y.C. 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