{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:02:22Z","timestamp":1760241742435,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents log likelihood ratio (LLR) based relay selection scheme for a cooperative amplify and forward relaying system. To evaluate the performance of the aforementioned system model, a three state Markov chain based fading environment has been presented to toggle among Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m fading environment. A simulation is carried out while assuming that there is no possibility of direct transmission from the source and destination terminal. Simulation results on the basis of Bit Error Rate (BER), Instantaneous Channel Capacity, and Outage probability have been presented and compared for different cases. In each case, the best performance of the proposed algorithm is obtained with a Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi10090087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T10:38:38Z","timestamp":1536230318000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Log Likelihood Ratio Based Relay Selection Scheme for Amplify and Forward Relaying with Three State Markov Channel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish","family":"Sahajwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics, IES IPS Academy, 452012 Indore (M.P.), India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Instrumentation in SATI, 464001 Vidisha (M.P.), India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radheyshyam","family":"Gamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Instrumentation SGSITS, 452003 Indore (M.P.), India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1977.1055652","article-title":"A survey of multi-way channels in information theory: 1961\u20131976","volume":"23","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1981.1056302","article-title":"A proof of Marton\u2019s coding theorem for the discrete memoryless broadcast channel","volume":"27","author":"Gamal","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2003.818096","article-title":"User cooperation diversity\u2014Part I: System description","volume":"51","author":"Sendonaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2003.819238","article-title":"User cooperation diversity\u2014Part II: Implementation aspects and performance analysis","volume":"51","author":"Sendonaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Laneman, J.N., and Wornell, G.W. (2000, January 4\u20136). Exploiting distributed spatial diversity in wireless networks. Proceedings of the Allerton Conference on Communications, Control and Computing, Monticello, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.838089","article-title":"Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior","volume":"50","author":"Laneman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.862417","article-title":"A simple cooperative diversity method based on network path selection","volume":"24","author":"Bletsas","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bletsas, A., Reed, D.P., and Lippman, A. (2005, January 30). A simple distributed method for relay selection in cooperative diversity wireless networks, based on reciprocity and channel measurements. Proceedings of the IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriwongpairat, W.P., Himsoon, T., Su, W., and Liu, K.R. (2006, January 3\u20136). Optimal threshold selection relaying for decode-and-forward cooperation protocol. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 2006), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2006.1683609"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Michalopoulos, D.S., Karagiannidis, G.K., Tsiftsis, T.A., and Mallik, R.K. (December, January 27). Wlc41-1: An optimized user selection method for cooperative diversity systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2015.1082444","article-title":"Performance Analysis of MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection over Generalized \u03ba-\u03bc Fading Channels","volume":"62","author":"Brijesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IETE J. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadogiannis, A., and Alexandropoulos, G.C. (2009, January 13\u201316). System level performance evaluation of dynamic relays in cellular networks over Nakagami-m fading channels. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2009.5449890"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"560528","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Relaying Schemes with Decode and Forward over Nakagami-m Fading Channels","volume":"2011","author":"Alexandropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2015.1136578","article-title":"OP Performance and Power Allocation for DF Relaying M2M Cooperative System","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IETE J. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Z., Su, Y., Zhang, N., and Zhang, Q. (2017). User-relay Assignment based Antenna Selection Scheme in Multi-user Multi-relay AF Cooperative Communication Network. Mobile Networks and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-017-0984-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2017.000003","article-title":"Relay selection in cooperative power line communication: A multi-armed bandit approach","volume":"19","author":"Babak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6678","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2686984","article-title":"Secure Cooperative Half-Duplex Cognitive Radio Networks with K-th Best Relay Selection","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2010.2042992","article-title":"Performance analysis of cooperative networks with relay selection over Nakagami-m fading channels","volume":"17","author":"Alexandropoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"325045","article-title":"Symbol Error Probability of DF Relay Selection over Arbitrary Nakagami-Fading Channels","volume":"2013","author":"Alexandropoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varma, U.S.H., Nikhil, M.V.S., Manikanta, G., and Kirthiga, S. (2017, January 20\u201321). Cooperative MIMO with relay selection for LTE advanced system. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), Kollam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPCT.2017.8074394"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swain, C., Kumar, M., and Das, S. (2018). Study and Impact of Relay Selection Schemes on Performance of an IEEE 802.16 j Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR) WiMAX Network. Progress in Intelligent Computing Techniques: Theory, Practice, and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3376-6_53"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kim, S.W., and Kim, E.Y. (2003, January 16\u201320). Optimal receive antenna selection minimizing error probability. Proceedings of the Wireless Communications and Networking IEEE, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palat, R.C., Annamalai, A., and Reed, J.H. (2008, January 11\u201314). Log-likelihood-ratio based selective decode and forward cooperative communication. Proceedings of the VTC Spring 2008: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2008.137"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Alexan, W., and Mahdy, E.L. (2014, January 22\u201324). A Relay selection based on the log likelihood ratio for cooperative communication networks. Proceedings of the Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements, and Applications (SPA), Poznan, Poland."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/25.350282","article-title":"Finite-state Markov channel-a useful model for radio communication channels","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1109\/26.803503","article-title":"Finite-state Markov model for Rayleigh fading channels","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/26.843121","article-title":"Generalized Markov modeling for flat fading","volume":"48","author":"Babich","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Simon, M.K., and Alouini, M.-S. (2000). Digital Communication over Fading Channels, John Wiley & Sons."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/10\/9\/87\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:14Z","timestamp":1760195954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/10\/9\/87"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["fi10090087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi10090087","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]}}}