{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:49:11Z","timestamp":1768013351535,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61602456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61602456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a temporary network of wireless mobile nodes. In a MANET, it is assumed that all of the nodes cooperate with each other to transfer data packets in a multi-hop fashion. However, some malicious nodes don\u2019t cooperate with other nodes and disturb the network through false routing information. In this paper, we propose a prominent technique, called dual attack detection for black and gray hole attacks (DDBG), for MANETs. The proposed DDBG technique selects the intrusion detection system (IDS) node using the connected dominating set (CDS) technique with two additional features; the energy and its nonexistence in the blacklist are also checked before putting the nodes into the IDS set. The CDS is an effective, distinguished, and localized approach for detecting nearly-connected dominating sets of nodes in a small range in mobile ad hoc networks. The selected IDS nodes broadcast a kind of status packet within a size of the dominating set for retrieving the complete behavioral information from their nodes. Later, IDS nodes use our DDBG technique to analyze the collected behavioral information to detect the malicious nodes and add them to the blacklist if the behavior of the node is suspicious. Our experimental results show that the quality of the service parameters of the proposed technique outperforms the existing routing schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11030061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T03:01:23Z","timestamp":1551754883000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A Dual Attack Detection Technique to Identify Black and Gray Hole Attacks Using an Intrusion Detection System and a Connected Dominating Set in MANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1970-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulfiqar","family":"Ali Zardari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology &amp; Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingsha","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology &amp; Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nafei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology &amp; Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7640-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Hussain","family":"Mohammadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0210-3121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Salman","family":"Pathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology &amp; Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-6287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Iftikhar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology &amp; Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6380-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Qasim","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advance Innovation Center for Future Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.1484","article-title":"Intrusion detection in mobile ad hoc networks: Techniques, systems, and future challenges","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Secur. 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