{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T18:32:47Z","timestamp":1772130767138,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly changing our society to a world where every \u201cthing\u201d is connected to the Internet, making computing pervasive like never before. This tsunami of connectivity and data collection relies more and more on the Cloud, where data analytics and intelligence actually reside. Cloud computing has indeed revolutionized the way computational resources and services can be used and accessed, implementing the concept of utility computing whose advantages are undeniable for every business. However, despite the benefits in terms of flexibility, economic savings, and support of new services, its widespread adoption is hindered by the security issues arising with its usage. From a security perspective, the technological revolution introduced by IoT and Cloud computing can represent a disaster, as each object might become inherently remotely hackable and, as a consequence, controllable by malicious actors. While the literature mostly focuses on the security of IoT and Cloud computing as separate entities, in this article we provide an up-to-date and well-structured survey of the security issues of cloud computing in the IoT era. We give a clear picture of where security issues occur and what their potential impact is. As a result, we claim that it is not enough to secure IoT devices, as cyber-storms come from Clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11060127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T09:37:58Z","timestamp":1559727478000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Cyber-Storms Come from Clouds: Security of Cloud Computing in the IoT Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"De Donno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Giaretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems Orebro University, 701 82 Orebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Dragoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems Orebro University, 701 82 Orebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bucchiarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3860-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Mazzara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software Development and Engineering, Innopolis University, Universitetskaya St, 1, 420500 Innopolis, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, January 21). IoTdevs. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/471264\/iot-number-of-connected-devices-worldwide\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, H.U., Asif, M., and Ahmad, M. (2017, January 30\u201331). Future applications and research challenges of IOT. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICICT), Karachi, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICT.2017.8320166"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalin, M., Baroni, I., and Mazzara, M. (2016). A Holistic Infrastructure to Support Elderlies\u2019 Independent Living. Encyclopedia of E-Health and Telemedicine, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-9978-6.ch046"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Salikhov, D., Khanda, K., Gusmanov, K., Mazzara, M., and Mavridis, N. (2017, January 27\u201329). Microservice-based IoT for Smart Buildings. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Salikhov, D., Khanda, K., Gusmanov, K., Mazzara, M., and Mavridis, N. (2016, January 25\u201326). Jolie Good Buildings: Internet of things for smart building infrastructure supporting concurrent apps utilizing distributed microservices. Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Convergent Cognitive Information Technologies, Moscow, Russia."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dragoni, N., Giaretta, A., and Mazzara, M. (2016, January 10). The Internet of Hackable Things. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference in Software Engineering for Defense Applications (SEDA\u201916), Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"7178164","article-title":"DDoS-Capable IoT Malwares: Comparative Analysis and Mirai Investigation","volume":"2018","author":"Dragoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Donno, M.D., Dragoni, N., Giaretta, A., and Mazzara, M. (2016, January 10). AntibIoTic: Protecting IoT Devices Against DDoS Attacks. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference in Software Engineering for Defence Applications\u2014SEDA 2016, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2018, December 03). Online Oxford Dictionary. Available online: https:\/\/en.oxforddictionaries.com\/definition\/internet_of_things."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2694844","article-title":"A survey on security and privacy issues in Internet-of-Things","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2683200","article-title":"A survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.07.060","article-title":"Internet of Things security and forensics: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"78","author":"Conti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2690522","article-title":"Achieving Efficient and Secure Data Acquisition for Cloud-Supported Internet of Things in Smart Grid","volume":"4","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yager, R.R., and Pascual Espada, J. (2018). Smart Connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications. New Advances in the Internet of Things, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Rivera, W. (2018). Cloud Computing and Internet of Things Integration: Architecture, Applications, Issues, and Challenges. Sustainable Cloud and Energy Services: Principles and Practice, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Di Martino, B., Li, K.C., Yang, L.T., and Esposito, A. (2018). Fog Computing: A Taxonomy, Survey and Future Directions. Internet of Everything: Algorithms, Methodologies, Technologies and Perspectives, Springer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botta, A., de Donato, W., Persico, V., and Pescap\u00e9, A. (2014, January 27\u201329). On the Integration of Cloud Computing and Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2014.14"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021","article-title":"Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: A survey","volume":"56","author":"Botta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.01.010","article-title":"State-of-the-art, challenges, and open issues in the integration of Internet of things and cloud computing","volume":"67","author":"Rubio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mishra, B.S.P., Das, H., Dehuri, S., and Jagadev, A.K. (2018). Internet of Cloud: Security and Privacy Issues. Cloud Computing for Optimization: Foundations, Applications, and Challenges, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"OpenFog Consortium Architecture Working Group (2019, June 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5626\/JCSE.2015.9.3.119","article-title":"A survey of security and privacy challenges in cloud computing: solutions and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.08.053","article-title":"State-of-the-art survey on cloud computing security Challenges, approaches and solutions","volume":"37","author":"Shahzad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.12.025","article-title":"Cloud computing security: The scientific challenge, and a survey of solutions","volume":"86","author":"Ryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2010.07.006","article-title":"A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing","volume":"34","author":"Subashini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.115","article-title":"Understanding cloud computing vulnerabilities","volume":"9","author":"Grobauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-012-0831-5","article-title":"A survey on security issues and solutions at different layers of Cloud computing","volume":"63","author":"Modi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.09.002","article-title":"A survey on cloud computing security: Issues, threats, and solutions","volume":"75","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-013-0208-7","article-title":"Security issues in cloud environments: A survey","volume":"13","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polash, F., Abuhussein, A., and Shiva, S. (2014, January 8\u201310). A survey of cloud computing taxonomies: Rationale and overview. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST-2014), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITST.2014.7038856"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.11.027","article-title":"Cloud security issues and challenges: A survey","volume":"79","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.060912.00182","article-title":"Security and privacy in cloud computing","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/2767005","article-title":"From security to assurance in the cloud: A survey","volume":"48","author":"Ardagna","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-0238-4-5","article-title":"An analysis of security issues for cloud computing","volume":"4","author":"Hashizume","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Internet Serv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Mell, P., and Grance, T. (2019, June 04). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, Available online: https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/Legacy\/SP\/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Tong, J., Mao, J., Bohn, R., Messina, J., Badger, L., and Leaf, D. (2011). NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture, NIST. Technical Report 2011.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-292"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2018, October 10). Glossary of Terms Related to Fog Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/OpenFog-Consortium-Glossary-of-Terms-January-2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Goodrich, M., and Tamassia, R. (2011). Introduction to Computer Security, Pearson Education, Inc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ristenpart, T., Tromer, E., Shacham, H., and Savage, S. (2009, January 9\u201313). Hey, You, Get off of My Cloud: Exploring Information Leakage in Third-party Compute Clouds. Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1653662.1653687"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Juels, A., Reiter, M.K., and Ristenpart, T. (2012, January 16\u201318). Cross-VM side channels and their use to extract private keys. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Raleigh, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382230"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Yarom, Y., and Falkner, K. (2014, January 20\u201322). FLUSH + RELOAD: A High Resolution, Low Noise, L3 Cache Side-Channel Attack. Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Yarom, Y., Ge, Q., Heiser, G., and Lee, R.B. (2015, January 17\u201321). Last-level cache side-channel attacks are practical. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Symposium on IEEE Security and Privacy (SP), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.43"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irazoqui, G., Inci, M.S., Eisenbarth, T., and Sunar, B. (2014). Wait a minute! A fast, Cross-VM attack on AES. International Workshop on Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11379-1_15"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzaki, K., Iijima, K., Yagi, T., and Artho, C. (2011, January 10). Memory Deduplication As a Threat to the Guest OS. Proceedings of the Fourth European Workshop on System Security, Salzburg, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/1972551.1972552"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Lipp, M., Schwarz, M., Gruss, D., Prescher, T., Haas, W., Mangard, S., Kocher, P., Genkin, D., Yarom, Y., and Hamburg, M. (2018). Meltdown. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kocher, P., Genkin, D., Gruss, D., Haas, W., Hamburg, M., Lipp, M., Mangard, S., Prescher, T., Schwarz, M., and Yarom, Y. (2018). Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wu, C., Grace, M., and Jiang, X. (2012, January 10\u201313). Isolating commodity hosted hypervisors with hyperlock. Proceedings of the 7th ACM European Conference on Computer Systems, Bern, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2168836.2168850"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riddle, A.R., and Chung, S.M. (July, January 29). A survey on the security of hypervisors in cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 35th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2015.28"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Studnia, I., Alata, E., Deswarte, Y., Ka\u00e2niche, M., and Nicomette, V. (2012, January 20\u201322). Survey of security problems in cloud computing virtual machines. Proceedings of the C&ESAR 2012 Cloud and Security, Threat or Opportunity: Computer and Electronics Security Applications Rendez-vous, Rennes, France."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2011.04.012","article-title":"CyberGuarder: A virtualization security assurance architecture for green cloud computing","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., and M\u00fcller, I. (December, January 30). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem. Proceedings of the 2010 Asia Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC 2010) Cloud Workshop, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-010-0140-x","article-title":"Locking the sky: A survey on IaaS cloud security","volume":"91","author":"Vaquero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computing"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Wu, H., Ding, Y., Winer, C., and Yao, L. (December, January 30). Network security for virtual machine in cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2010 5th International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology (ICCIT), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pentikousis, K., Ag\u00fcero, R., Garc\u00eda-Arranz, M., and Papavassiliou, S. (2011). Challenges for Cloud Networking Security, Springer. Mobile Networks and Management.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21444-8"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thimmaraju, K., Shastry, B., Fiebig, T., Hetzelt, F., Seifert, J.P., Feldmann, A., and Schmid, S. (2017, January 3). The vAMP Attack: Taking Control of Cloud Systems via the Unified Packet Parser. Proceedings of the 2017 on Cloud Computing Security Workshop, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3140649.3140651"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2010.06.008","article-title":"Secure Virtualization for Cloud Computing","volume":"34","author":"Lombardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Wang, X., and Xu, D. (2007, January 28\u201331). Stealthy Malware Detection Through Vmm-based \u201cOut-of-the-box\u201d Semantic View Reconstruction. Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Alexandria, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1315245.1315262"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.80","article-title":"Rethinking Security in the Era of Cloud Computing","volume":"15","author":"Aikat","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, F., Gross, T., and Moorsel, V.A. (2013, January 25\u201327). Defense-in-Depth Against Malicious Insiders in the Cloud. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), Redwood City, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IC2E.2013.20"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahram, S., Jiang, X., Wang, Z., Grace, M., Li, J., Srinivasan, D., Rhee, J., and Xu, D. (November, January 31). DKSM: Subverting Virtual Machine Introspection for Fun and Profit. Proceedings of the 2010 29th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, New Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS.2010.39"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan, A.J., Creese, S., and Goldsmith, M. (2012, January 25\u201327). Insider attacks in cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), Liverpool, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom.2012.188"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., Zhang, X., Ammons, G., Bala, V., and Ning, P. (2009). Managing Security of Virtual Machine Images in a Cloud Environment. Proceedings of the 2009 ACM Workshop on Cloud Computing Security, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1655008.1655021"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balduzzi, M., Zaddach, J., Balzarotti, D., Kirda, E., and Loureiro, S. (2012, January 26\u201330). A Security Analysis of Amazon\u2019s Elastic Compute Cloud Service. Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2245276.2232005"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.05.003","article-title":"A survey of intrusion detection techniques in cloud","volume":"36","author":"Modi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiash, M., Mapp, G., and Gemikonakli, O. (2014, January 13\u201316). Secure live virtual machines migration: Issues and solutions. Proceedings of the 2014 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2014.35"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, J.R., Hsiao, H.C., and Pang, A.C. (2016, January 4\u20135). Migrant attack: A multi-resource dos attack on cloud virtual machine migration schemes. Proceedings of the 2016 11th Asia Joint Conference on Information Security (AsiaJCIS), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/AsiaJCIS.2016.14"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-017-0098-8","article-title":"Classifying malware attacks in IaaS cloud environments","volume":"6","author":"Rakotondravony","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"34","article-title":"A Survey on Techniques of Secure Live Migration of Virtual Machine","volume":"39","author":"Shetty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2011.10.006","article-title":"Building safe PaaS clouds: A survey on security in multitenant software platforms","volume":"31","author":"Vaquero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.1","article-title":"PaaS Death Watch?","volume":"4","author":"Linthicum","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favaretto, M., Anh, T.T., Kavaja, J., De Donno, M., and Dragoni, N. (2018, January 7\u20138). When the Price is Your Privacy: A Security Analysis of Two Cheap IoT Devices. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference in Software Engineering for Defense Applications, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14687-0_6"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakouri, I., Hamdi, M., and Kim, T.H. (2017, January 26\u201330). A new biometric-based security framework for cloud storage. Proceedings of the 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986318"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Shetty, S., Zhang, L., Kamhoua, C., and Kwiat, K. (2017, January 25\u201330). Man in the Cloud (MITC) Defender: SGX-Based User Credential Protection for Synchronization Applications in Cloud Computing Platform. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), Honolulu, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2017.46"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samarati, P., di Vimercati, S.D.C., Murugesan, S., and Bojanova, I. (2016). Cloud security: Issues and concerns. Encyclopedia on Cloud Computing, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118821930.ch17"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Zhang, R., Xie, W., Qian, W., and Zhou, A. (2010, January 1\u20133). Security and privacy in cloud computing: A survey. Proceedings of the 2010 Sixth International Conference on Semantics Knowledge and Grid (SKG), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SKG.2010.19"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., and Zhao, H. (2012, January 23\u201325). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSEE.2012.193"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/2398356.2398374","article-title":"Condos and Clouds","volume":"56","author":"Helland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"83","article-title":"A survey on fully homomorphic encryption: An engineering perspective","volume":"50","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2012.04.015","article-title":"Beyond lightning: A survey on security challenges in cloud computing","volume":"39","author":"Rong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2012.14","article-title":"Security Challenges for the Public Cloud","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"di Vimercati, S.D.C., Foresti, S., Livraga, G., Paraboschi, S., and Samarati, P. (2018). Confidentiality Protection in Large Databases. A Comprehensive Guide Through the Italian Database Research Over the Last 25 Years, Springer."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2014.20","article-title":"Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing","volume":"1","author":"Tari","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Kuzu, M., and Kantarcioglu, M. (2012, January 5\u20138). Access Pattern disclosure on Searchable Encryption: Ramification, Attack and Mitigation. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2012, San Diego, CA, USA. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/9614\/87973d4b33f96406fddbfcf1235dc587571f.pdf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1145\/2799647","article-title":"Shielding applications from an untrusted cloud with haven","volume":"33","author":"Baumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. (TOCS)"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, S. (2013). Privacy, security and trust in cloud computing. Privacy and Security for Cloud Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4189-1_1"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasti, A., Shah, P., Nagaraj, R., and Pendse, R. (2010, January 5\u20138). Security in multi-tenancy cloud. Proceedings of the 44th Annual 2010 IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCST.2010.5678682"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2011.117","article-title":"Threat as a Service? Virtualization\u2019s Impact on Cloud Security","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"IT Prof."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Milenkoski, A., Payne, B.D., Antunes, N., Vieira, M., and Kounev, S. (2013, January 9\u201313). HInjector: Injecting hypercall attacks for evaluating VMI-based intrusion detection systems. Proceedings of the 2013 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC 2013), New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Botero, D., Szefer, J., and Lee, R.B. (2013, January 8). Characterizing Hypervisor Vulnerabilities in Cloud Computing Servers. Proceedings of the 2013 International Workshop on Security in Cloud Computing, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/2484402.2484406"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, X., Alrwais, S., Yuan, K., Xing, L., Wang, X., Hao, S., and Beyah, R. (2016, January 24\u201328). Lurking Malice in the Cloud: Understanding and Detecting Cloud Repository As a Malicious Service. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978349"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Ren, K., and Wang, J. (2011, January 10\u201315). Secure and practical outsourcing of linear programming in cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2011.5935305"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.04.028","article-title":"Security and privacy for storage and computation in cloud computing","volume":"258","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, M., Schwenk, J., Gruschka, N., and Iacono, L.L. (2009, January 21\u201325). On technical security issues in cloud computing. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2009.60"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karnwal, T., Sivakumar, T., and Aghila, G. (2012, January 1\u20132). A comber approach to protect cloud computing against XML DDoS and HTTP DDoS attack. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Students\u2019 Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), Bhopal, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCEECS.2012.6184829"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"66","article-title":"A survey of the state of cloud security","volume":"1","author":"Ahuja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Netw. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Stanislav, M., and Beardsley, T. (2019, June 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.rapid7.com\/."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/1556154.1556173","article-title":"Trusting the Cloud","volume":"40","author":"Cachin","year":"2009","journal-title":"SIGACT News"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2011.24","article-title":"Toward secure and dependable storage services in cloud computing","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"261","article-title":"An efficient and secure protocol for ensuring data storage security in Cloud Computing","volume":"8","author":"Subramanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJCSI Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.10.006","article-title":"A survey of cloud computing data integrity schemes: Design challenges, taxonomy and future trends","volume":"65","author":"Zafar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varadarajan, V., Kooburat, T., Farley, B., Ristenpart, T., and Swift, M.M. (2012, January 16\u201318). Resource-freeing Attacks: Improve Your Cloud Performance (at Your Neighbor\u2019s Expense). Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Raleigh, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382228"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S., Lin, Z., Chen, X., Yang, Z., and Chen, J. (2011, January 12\u201314). Virtualization security for cloud computing service. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference onCloud and Service Computing (CSC), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSC.2011.6138516"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabrowsk, C., and Mills, K. (December, January 29). VM leakage and orphan control in open-source clouds. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudCom.2011.84"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-130474","article-title":"Scheduler Vulnerabilities and Coordinated Attacks in Cloud Computing","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarifi, S., and Wolthusen, S.D. (October, January 30). Robust Coordination of Cloud-Internal Denial of Service Attacks. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Cloud and Green Computing, Karlsruhe, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/CGC.2013.28"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atya, A.O.F., Qian, Z., Krishnamurthy, S.V., Porta, T.L., McDaniel, P., and Marvel, L. (2017, January 1\u20134). Malicious co-residency on the cloud: Attacks and defense. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2017\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8056951"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, S.J., Sekar, V., and Reiter, M.K. (2015, January 12\u201316). Nomad: Mitigating arbitrary cloud side channels via provider-assisted migration. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Sigsac Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813706"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Atya, A., Aqil, A., Khalil, K., Qian, Z., Krishnamurthy, S.V., and La Porta, T.F. (2017, January 14\u201315). Stalling Live Migrations on the Cloud. Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT 17), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-014-0388-6","article-title":"From high-availability to collapse: Quantitative analysis of \u201cCloud-Droplet-Freezing\u201d attack threats to virtual machine migration in cloud computing","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H. (2010, January 8). A New Form of DOS Attack in a Cloud and Its Avoidance Mechanism. Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Workshop on Cloud Computing Security Workshop, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1866835.1866849"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.03.010","article-title":"DDoS attacks in cloud computing: Issues, taxonomy, and future directions","volume":"107","author":"Somani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossignoli, C., Gatti, M., and Agrifoglio, R. (2016). Economic Denial of Sustainability Mitigation in Cloud Computing. Organizational Innovation and Change, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22921-8"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somani, G., Gaur, M.S., and Sanghi, D. (2015, January 8\u201310). DDoS\/EDoS attack in cloud: Affecting everyone out there!. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks, Sochi, Russia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2799979.2800005"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2414822","article-title":"Introducing fraudulent energy consumption in cloud infrastructures: A new generation of denial-of-service attacks","volume":"11","author":"Ficco","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2016.03.004","article-title":"Cloud security: Emerging threats and current solutions","volume":"59","author":"Coppolino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., and Vouk, M.A. (2014, January 8\u201312). A survey of common security vulnerabilities and corresponding countermeasures for SaaS. Proceedings of the Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2014.7063386"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-015-0376-0","article-title":"Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks and defense mechanisms: classification and state-of-the-art","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Putthacharoen, R., and Bunyatnoparat, P. (2011, January 13\u201316). Protecting cookies from cross site script attacks using dynamic cookies rewriting technique. Proceedings of the 2011 13th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(12)70111-3","article-title":"BYOD security challenges: Control and protect your most sensitive data","volume":"2012","author":"Morrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"54","article-title":"Targeted cyberattacks: A superset of advanced persistent threats","volume":"11","author":"Sood","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"De Decker, B., and Z\u00faquete, A. (2014). A Study on Advanced Persistent Threats. Communications and Multimedia Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2627503","article-title":"Covert Channels in Personal Cloud Storage Services: The Case of Dropbox","volume":"13","author":"Caviglione","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2659418","article-title":"Cloud Storage Defense Against Advanced Persistent Threats: A Prospect Theoretic Study","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahriar, H., and Zulkernine, M. (2010, January 1\u20134). Client-side detection of cross-site request forgery attacks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE.2010.12"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, M.S., and Verma, D. (2011, January 27\u201329). Cross site request forgery: A common web application weakness. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSN.2011.6014783"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Livshits, V.B., and Lam, M.S. (August, January 31). Finding Security Vulnerabilities in Java Applications with Static Analysis. Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Security Symposium, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, P., Peng, Y., Liu, W., and Xue, S. (2012, January 18\u201321). Security issues and solutions in cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2012 32nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2012.20"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapade, S., Pandey, K., and Bhade, D. (2013, January 6\u20138). Securing cloud servers against flooding based DDoS attacks. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), Gwalior, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT.2013.114"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.031413.00127","article-title":"A survey of defense mechanisms against distributed denial of service (DDoS) flooding attacks","volume":"15","author":"Zargar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"De Donno, M., Dragoni, N., Giaretta, A., and Spognardi, A. (2017, January 3\u20136). Analysis of DDoS-capable IoT malwares. Proceedings of the 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badis, H., Doyen, G., and Khatoun, R. (2014, January 5\u20139). Understanding botclouds from a system perspective: A principal component analysis. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2014.6838310"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2487361","article-title":"Software-defined networking (SDN) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in cloud computing environments: A survey, some research issues, and challenges","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.201","article-title":"DDoS in the IoT: Mirai and Other Botnets","volume":"50","author":"Kolias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.01.001","article-title":"Distributed denial of service (DDoS) resilience in cloud: Review and conceptual cloud DDoS mitigation framework","volume":"67","author":"Osanaiye","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantas, Y.G., Nigam, V., and Fonseca, I.E. (2014, January 24\u201326). A Selective Defense for Application Layer DDoS Attacks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Joint Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/JISIC.2014.21"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-009-0092-6","article-title":"A survey of attacks on web services","volume":"24","author":"Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.10.005","article-title":"Application layer HTTP-GET flood DDoS attacks: Research landscape and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-014-1250-8","article-title":"A method of DDoS attack detection using HTTP packet pattern and rule engine in cloud computing environment","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, Y., and Li, Y. (2019). Blockchain based Privacy-Preserving Software Updates with Proof-of-Delivery for Internet of Things. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.06.001"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1800116","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Solutions to Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rullo, A., Bertino, E., and Sacc\u00e0, D. (2018, January 10\u201313). PAST: Protocol-Adaptable Security Tool for Heterogeneous IoT Ecosystems. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Dependable and Secure Computing, DSC 2018, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/DESEC.2018.8625143"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giura, P., and Jim, T. (2018, January 15\u201318). Sapphire: Using Network Gateways for IoT Security. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Internet of Things, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3277593.3277611"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.12.003","article-title":"A privacy-preserving sensory data sharing scheme in Internet of Vehicles","volume":"92","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2018.053711663","article-title":"A Note on the Convergence of IoT, Edge, and Cloud Computing in Smart Cities","volume":"5","author":"Fazio","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.07.016","article-title":"A Self-protecting and Self-healing Framework for Negotiating Services and Trust in Autonomic Communication Systems","volume":"53","author":"Dragoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzara, M., and Meyer, B. (2017). Microservices: A Language-Based Approach. Present and Ulterior Software Engineering, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67425-4"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Z., Cimpian, E., Zaremba, M., and Mazzara, M. (2007, January 9\u201313). BPMO: Semantic Business Process Modeling and WSMO Extension. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2007), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2007.60"},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Mazzara, M. (2006). Towards Abstractions for Web Services Composition. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bologna]."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Dragoni, N., and Mazzara, M. (2009). A Formal Semantics for the WS-BPEL Recovery Framework\u2014The pi-Calculus Way, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/6\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:56:07Z","timestamp":1760187367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/6\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fi11060127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi11060127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]}}}