{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1782202061578,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/L023636\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L023636\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet of Things (IoT) systems have seen recent growth in popularity for city and home environments. We report on the design, deployment, and use of the IoT infrastructure for environmental monitoring and management. Working closely with hydrologists, soil scientists, and animal behaviour scientists, we successfully deployed and utilised a system to deliver integrated information across these two fields in the first such example of real-time multidimensional environmental science. We describe the design of this system; its requirements and operational effectiveness for hydrological, soil, and ethological scientists; and our experiences from building, maintaining, and using the deployment at a remote site in difficult conditions. Based on this experience, we discuss key future work for the IoT community when working in these kinds of environmental deployments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11060129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T11:35:05Z","timestamp":1559907305000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Design and Deployment of an End-To-End IoT Infrastructure for the Natural Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4377-1599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vatsala","family":"Nundloll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon S.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2713-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget","family":"Emmett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Cosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davey L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK"},{"name":"UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1318-5281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Winterbourn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6971-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Shelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izhar","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkhatib, Y., Blair, G.S., and Surajbali, B. 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