{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:43:45Z","timestamp":1761324225504,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Software-defined networking (SDN) is an innovative architecture that designs a logical controller to manage and program the network based on the global view, providing more efficient management, better performance, and higher flexibility for the network. Therefore, applying the SDN concept in a multi-hop wireless network (MWN) has been proposed and extensively studied to overcome the challenges of MWN. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient global routing algorithm for a software-defined multi-hop wireless network (SDMWN), which is able to get transmission paths for several users at the same time to minimize the global energy consumption with the premise of satisfying the QoS required by users. To this end, we firstly propose a Lagrange relaxation-based aggregated cost (LARAC) and K-Dijkstra combined algorithm to get the top K energy-minimum paths that satisfy the QoS in polynomial time. Then, we combine the alternative paths of each user obtained by K-LARAC and propose an improved genetic algorithm to solve the global routing strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed K-LARAC and genetic algorithm combined method has the ability to obtain an approximate optimal solution with lower time cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11060133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1560770685000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Energy-Efficient Multi-User Routing in a Software-Defined Multi-Hop Wireless Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6556-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaochao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4752-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2017.000094","article-title":"Software defined multihop wireless networks: Promises and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Zahmatkesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, M., Kumar, R., and Sagar, A.K. (2016, January 29\u201330). VANET: Architectures, research issues, routing protocols, and its applications. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation, Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAA.2016.7813782"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharmila, S., and Shanthi, T. (2016, January 24\u201326). A survey on wireless ad hoc network: Issues and implementation. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Technology and Science (ICETETS), Pudukkottai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETETS.2016.7603071"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2","article-title":"Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"8","author":"Orozco","year":"2012","journal-title":"IJDSN"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2371999","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"103","author":"Kreutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2374752","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"103","author":"Esch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6553676","article-title":"Are we ready for SDN? Implementation challenges for software-defined networks","volume":"51","author":"Sezer","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannelli, C., Bellavista, P., and Scotece, D. (2018, January 5\u20138). Software Defined Networking for Quality-aware Management of Multi-hop Spontaneous Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC 2018), Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2018.8390339"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.10.015","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking: Challenges and research opportunities for Future Internet","volume":"75","author":"Hakiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2326417","article-title":"A Survey on Software-Defined Network and OpenFlow: From Concept to Implementation","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.12.007","article-title":"A software-defined network routing in wireless multihop network","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Deng, Q., Guo, L., Ning, Z., and Zhang, L. (2015, January 24\u201326). Design of Dynamic Traffic Grooming Algorithm in Software-Defined Wireless Mesh Networks. Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC 2015), 7th IEEE International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security (CSS 2015), and 12th IEEE International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS 2015), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC-CSS-ICESS.2015.274"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Dio, P.D., Faraci, S., Galluccio, L., Milardo, S., Morabito, G., Palazzo, S., and Livreri, P. (2016, January 20\u201322). Exploiting state information to support QoS in Software-Defined WSNs. Proceedings of the 2016 Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net 2016), Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fotouhi, H., Vahabi, M., Ray, A., and Bj\u00f6rkman, M. (2016, January 14\u201316). SDN-TAP: An SDN-based traffic aware protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2016), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2016.7749527"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domzal, J., W\u00f3jcik, R., and Biernacka, E. (2017, January 26\u201329). Efficient and reliable transmission in Flow-Aware Networks\u2014An integrated approach based on SDN concept. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Silicon Valley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2017.7876240"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.05.002","article-title":"An energy-efficient SDN based sleep scheduling algorithm for WSNs","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7393","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2585019","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2389802","article-title":"In Proceedings of the Energy Minimization in Multi-Task Software-Defined Sensor Networks","volume":"64","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomovic, S., and Radusinovic, I. (2016, January 22\u201323). Allocation algorithm for handling multiple applications in software-defined WSN. Proceedings of the 2016 24th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TELFOR.2016.7818740"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2749760","article-title":"Unicast QoS Routing Algorithms for SDN: A Comprehensive Survey and Performance Evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Guck","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Garey, M.R., and Johnson, D.S. (1979). Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness, W. H. Freeman."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zheng, X., and Pan, Q. (2015, January 17\u201318). Multi-path SDN route selection subject to multi-constraints. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cyberspace Technology (CCT 2015), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Salama, H.F., Reeves, D.S., and Viniotis, Y. (1997, January 7\u201312). A Distributed Algorithm for Delay-Constrained Unicast Routing. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Communications, Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Driving the Information Revolution (IEEE INFOCOM \u201997), Kobe, Japan."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Liu, K., Cao, Y., Liu, Y., Gang, X., and Chao, W. (2016, January 14\u201317). A novel min-cost Qos routing algorithm for SDN-based wireless mesh network. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"5614","article-title":"In Proceedings of the Joint Optimization for Residual Energy Maximization in Wireless Powered Mobile-Edge Computing Systems","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"TIIS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, G. (2014, January 8\u201312). A fast Lagrangian relaxation algorithm for finding multi-constrained multiple shortest paths. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037093"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"63","article-title":"The Constrained Shortest Path Problem: Algorithmic Approaches and an Algebraic Study with Generalization","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Akce Int. J. Graphs Comb."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pereira, P.A., Fontes, F.A., and Fontes, D.B. (2010, January 1\u20133). A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Constrained Combinatorial Problems: An Application to Promotion Planning Problems. Proceedings of the Operations Research Proceedings 2010, Selected Papers of the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society, Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr, M\u00fcnchen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"J\u00fcttner, A., Szviatovszki, B., M\u00e9cs, I., and Rajk\u00f3, Z. (2001, January 22\u201326). Lagrange Relaxation Based Method for the QoS Routing Problem. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Communications, Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Twenty Years into the Communications Odyssey (IEEE INFOCOM 2001), Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2015.2428654","article-title":"QoS Routing Under Multiple Additive Constraints: A Generalization of the LARAC Algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/6\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:59:08Z","timestamp":1760187548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/6\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fi11060133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi11060133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]}}}