{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:43:48Z","timestamp":1761324228111,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to propose a new fog cloud architecture that performs a joint energy-efficient task assignment (JEETA). The proposed JEETA architecture utilizes the dynamic application-partitioning algorithm (DAPTS), a novel algorithm that efficiently decides and switches the task to be offloaded or not in heterogeneous environments with minimal energy consumption. The proposed scheme outperforms baseline approaches such as MAUI, Think Air and Clone Cloud in many performance aspects. Results show that for the execution of 1000 Tasks on fog, mobile offloaded nodes, JEETA consumes the leas, i.e., 23% of the total energy whereas other baseline approaches consume in between 50\u2013100% of the total energy. Results are validated via real test-bed experiments and trice are driven efficient simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11070141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1561720826000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Dynamic Application-Partitioning Algorithm with Improved Offloading Mechanism for Fog Cloud Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Adeel","family":"Abro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran Ali","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5831-5943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif Ali","family":"Laghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi 74700, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7640-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Hussain","family":"Mohammadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6465-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor","family":"ul Ain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information &amp; Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17685540","article-title":"BLE Beacons for Internet of Things Applications: Survey, Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64876","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2865967","article-title":"Quality of Experience Framework for Cloud Computing (QoC)","volume":"6","author":"Laghari","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"228","article-title":"Analysis of Quality of Experience Frameworks for Cloud Computing","volume":"17","author":"Laghari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-019-00549-9","article-title":"Energy-efficient Nature-Inspired techniques in Cloud computing datacenters","volume":"71","author":"Usman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Di Martino, B., Li, K.-C., Yang, L.T., and Esposito, A. (2018). Fog Computing: A Taxonomy, Survey and Future Directions BT\u2014Internet of Everything: Algorithms, Methodologies, Technologies and Perspectives, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"31","article-title":"Comparison of Fog Computing & Cloud Computing","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Math. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asif-Ur-Rahman, M., Afsana, F., Mahmud, M., Kaiser, M.S., Ahmed, M.R., Kaiwartya, O., and James-Taylor, A. (2018). Towards a Heterogeneous Mist, Fog, and Cloud based Framework for the Internet of Healthcare Things. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2876088"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliyu, A., Tayyab, M., Abdullah, A.H., Joda, U.M., and Kaiwartya, O. (2018, January 11\u201313). Mobile Cloud Computing: Layered Architecture. Proceedings of the 2018 Seventh ICT International Student Project Conference, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT-ISPC.2018.8523997"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-019-0030-7","article-title":"Energy-efficient Virtual Machine Allocation Technique Using Flower Pollination Algorithm in Cloud Datacenter: A Panacea to Green Computing","volume":"16","author":"Usman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2603219","article-title":"Internet of Vehicles: Motivation, Layered Architecture Network Model Challenges and Future Aspects","volume":"4","author":"Kaiwartya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2847337","article-title":"Dynamic Computation Offloading for Mobile Cloud Computing: A Stochastic Game-Theoretic Approach","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravi, A., and Peddoju, S.K. (2018, January 4\u20137). Mobile Computation Bursting: An application partitioning and offloading decision engine. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking, Varanasi, India.","DOI":"10.1145\/3154273.3154299"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2017.1342572","article-title":"Cloud Computing in VANETs: Architecture, Taxonomy, and Challenges","volume":"35","author":"Aliyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700210","article-title":"Mobile Edge Computing for Big Data-Enabled Electric Vehicle Charging","volume":"56","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2545559","article-title":"Fog Computing May Help to Save Energy in Cloud Computing","volume":"34","author":"Jalali","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9882","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2702013","article-title":"Fog of Everything: Energy-Efficient Networked Computing Architectures, Research Challenges, and a Case Study","volume":"5","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, M., Yan, S., Zhang, K., and Wang, C. (2015). Fog Computing based Radio Access Networks: Issues and Challenges. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.7513863"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2010.02.004","article-title":"A data placement strategy in scientific cloud workflows","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.08.001","article-title":"Energy-aware task assignment for mobile cyber-enabled applications in heterogeneous cloud computing","volume":"111","author":"Gai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gai, K., Qiu, M., Zhao, H., and Liu, M. (2015, January 25\u201327). Energy-Aware Optimal Task Assignment for Mobile Heterogeneous Embedded Systems in Cloud Computing. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 3rd international conference on cyber security and cloud computing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCloud.2016.48"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600321","article-title":"Exploiting Massive D2D Collaboration for Energy-Efficient Mobile Edge Computing","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, V., Masip, X., Marin-Tordera, E., Ram\u00edrez, W., and Sanchez, S. (2016, January 4\u20138). Towards Distributed Service Allocation in Fog-to-Cloud (F2C) Scenarios. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7842341"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2017.8233651","article-title":"Task offloading decision in fog computing system","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2624118","article-title":"D2D Fogging: An Energy-Efficient and Incentive-Aware Task Offloading Framework via Network-Assisted D2D Collaboration","volume":"34","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Aliyu, A., Abdullah, H., Kaiwartya, O., Usman, M., Abd Rahman, S., and Khatri, A. (2016). Mobile Cloud Computing Energy-Aware Task Offloading (MCC: ETO), Taylor and Francis CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3434","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3434","article-title":"Enabling Green Computing in Cloud Environments: Network Virtualization Approach Towards 5G Support","volume":"29","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55923","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2872750","article-title":"Adaptive energy-aware algorithms for minimizing energy consumption and SLA violation in cloud computing","volume":"6","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, R., Zhang, W., Li, K., Liu, C., Shafiq, M., and Karn, N. (2018). An adaptive heuristic for managing energy consumption and overloaded hosts in a cloud data center. Wirel. Netw.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-1874-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.11.019","article-title":"Resource-aware hybrid scheduling algorithm in heterogeneous distributed computing","volume":"51","author":"Vasile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.82","article-title":"The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing","volume":"4","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folkerts, E., Alexandrov, A., Sachs, K., Iosup, A., Markl, V., and Tosun, C. (2012). Benchmarking in the Cloud: What It Should, Can, and Cannot Be. Technology Conference on Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36727-4_12"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2019, June 24). Face-Recognition. Available online: http:\/\/darnok.org\/programming\/face-recognition\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2019, June 24). Health Application. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/mHealthTechnologies\/mHealthDroid."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2019, April 24). Application. Available online: https:\/\/powertutor.org\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2019, June 24). Speed Test. Available online: www.speedtest.net\/."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mobile cloud computing for computation offloading: Issues and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Khadija","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Inf."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/7\/141\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:02:10Z","timestamp":1760187730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/7\/141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["fi11070141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi11070141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]}}}