{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:41:14Z","timestamp":1760240474571,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP25220004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25220004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In semi-autonomous robot conferencing, not only the operator controls the robot, but the robot itself also moves autonomously. Thus, it can modify the operator\u2019s movement (e.g., adding social behaviors). However, the sense of agency, that is, the degree of feeling that the movement of the robot is the operator\u2019s own movement, would decrease if the operator is conscious of the discrepancy between the teleoperation and autonomous behavior. In this study, we developed an interface to control the robot head by using an eye tracker. When the robot autonomously moves its eye-gaze position, the interface guides the operator\u2019s eye movement towards this autonomous movement. The experiment showed that our interface can maintain the sense of agency, because it provided the illusion that the autonomous behavior of a robot is directed by the operator\u2019s eye movement. This study reports the conditions of how to provide this illusion in semi-autonomous robot conferencing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11070143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T11:14:49Z","timestamp":1562152489000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maintaining the Sense of Agency in Semi-Autonomous Robot Conferencing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Human Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Takenouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"},{"name":"ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"},{"name":"ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Nishio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"},{"name":"ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Development of educational system with the android robot SAYA and evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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