{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:51:55Z","timestamp":1760241115226,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17JCQNJC00500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17JCQNJC00500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010882","name":"Tianjin Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018KJ174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KJ174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Static multi-controller deployment architecture cannot adapt to the drastic changes of network traffic, which will lead to a load imbalance between controllers, resulting in a high packet loss rate, high latency, and other network performance degradation problems. In this paper, an efficient dynamic load balancing scheme based on Nash bargaining is proposed for a distributed software-defined network. Firstly, considering the connectivity of network nodes, the switch migration problem is transformed into a network mapping relationship reconstruction problem. Then, we establish the Nash bargaining game model to fairly optimize the two contradictory goals of migration cost and load balance. Finally, the model is solved by an improved firefly algorithm, and the optimal network mapping state is obtained. The experimental results show that this scheme can optimize the migration cost and load balance at the same time. Compared with the existing research schemes, the migration process of the switch is optimized, and, while effectively balancing the load of the control plane, the migration cost is reduced by 14.5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11120252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T06:50:16Z","timestamp":1575615016000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Efficient Dynamic Load Balancing Scheme Based on Nash Bargaining in SDN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of computer and information engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"}]},{"given":"Kaixin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of computer and information engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of computer and information engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of computer and information engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1145\/2602204.2602219","article-title":"The road to SDN: An intellectual history of programmable networks","volume":"44","author":"Feamster","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11107-014-0451-5","article-title":"Software-defined optical networks (SDONs): A survey","volume":"28","author":"Bhaumik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonic Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, H., Kim, K.T., and Youn, H.Y. (2019). Dynamic Load Balancing of Software-Defined Networking Based on Genetic-Ant Colony Optimization. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020311"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthanna, A., Ateya, A.A., Makolkina, M., Vybornova, A., Markova, E., Gogol, A., and Koucheryavy, A. (2018, January 26\u201327). SDN multi-controller networks with load balanced. Proceedings of the 2th International Conference on Future Networks and Distributed Systems (IC-FNDS), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3231053.3231124"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.10.012","article-title":"Load balancing-based multi-controller coordinated deployment strategy in software defined optical networks","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.01.010","article-title":"Dynamic slave controller assignment for enhancing control plane robustness in software-defined networks","volume":"95","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2014.6825258","article-title":"A dormant multi-controller model for software defined networking","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.23940\/ijpe.19.08.p22.22172227","article-title":"A Scalable Load Balancing Scheme for Software-Defined Datacenter Networks based on Fuzzy Logic","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.09.008","article-title":"On reliable controller placements in software-defined networks","volume":"77","author":"Ros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhao, Y., and Nag, A. (2019). Quantum-Key-Distribution (QKD) Networks Enabled by Software-Defined Networks (SDN). Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9102081"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, A., Hao, F., Mukherjee, S., Lakshman, T., and Kompella, R.R. (2014, January 20\u201321). ElastiCon; an elastic distributed SDN controller. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS), Marina del Rey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2658260.2658261"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2332341","article-title":"On the capacitated controller placement problem in software defined networks","volume":"18","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18184","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2820148","article-title":"Online load balancing for distributed control plane in software-defined data center network","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, J., Ba, J., and Zhang, S. (2017, January 27\u201329). Load balancing for multiple controllers in SDN Based on switches group. Proceedings of the 2017 19th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/APNOMS.2017.8094139"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanasundaram, J.G., Truong-Huu, T., and Gurusamy, M. (2018, January 9\u201313). Game Theoretic Switch-controller Mapping with Traffic Variations in Software Defined Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647406"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2684188","article-title":"A switch migration-based decision-making scheme for balancing load in SDN","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95998","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2929651","article-title":"On Load Balancing via Switch Migration in Software-Defined Networking","volume":"7","author":"Correia","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1555","article-title":"Load balancing scheme based on multi-objective optimization for software defined network","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2018, March 23). OpenFlow Switch Specification Version 1.4.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.opennetworking.org\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, T., and Xu, Y. (2014, January 7\u20139). Analysis of the New Features of OpenFlow 1.4. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information, Electronics and Computer (ICIEAC), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icieac-14.2014.17"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.05.007","article-title":"SoftAir: A software defined networking architecture for 5G wireless systems","volume":"85","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2013.2281533","article-title":"Decomposition of a multiobjective optimization problem into a number of simple multiobjective subproblems","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39612","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906683","article-title":"SDN-Based Load Balancing Scheme for Multi-Controller Deployment","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3875","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3875","article-title":"Nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms for solving the load balancing problem in the software-defined network","volume":"32","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2307\/2555382","article-title":"The Nash bargaining solution in economic modelling","volume":"17","author":"Binmore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rand J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ksentini, A., Bagaa, M., Taleb, T., and Balasingham, I. (2016, January 22\u201327). On using bargaining game for optimal placement of SDN controllers. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7511136"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.12.024","article-title":"Firefly algorithm with neighborhood attraction","volume":"382","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). Internet 2 Open Science, Scholarship and Services Exchange. Available online: http:\/\/www.internet2.edu\/network\/ose\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). The Internet Topology Zoo. Available online: http:\/\/www.topology-zoo.org\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019, March 10). Cbench. Available online: http:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/cbench\/."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/12\/252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:43Z","timestamp":1760190043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/11\/12\/252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["fi11120252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi11120252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]}}}