{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T19:39:11Z","timestamp":1761766751944,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, organizations and small and medium-sized enterprises have already disruptively changed in many ways their physiological inner mechanisms, because of information and communication technologies (ICT) revolution. Nevertheless, the still ongoing COVID-19 worldwide emergency definitely promoted a wide adoption of teleworking modalities for many people around the world, making it more relevant than before to understand the real impact of virtual environments (VEs) on teamwork dynamics. From a psychological point of view, a critical question about teleworking modalities is how the social and cognitive dynamics of collaborative facilitation and collaborative inhibition would affect teamwork within VEs. This study analyzed the impact of a virtual environment (VE) on the recall of individuals and members of nominal and collaborative groups. The research assessed costs and benefits for collaborative retrieval by testing the effect of experimental conditions, stimulus materials, group size, experimental conditions order, anxiety state, personality traits, gender group composition and social interactions. A total of 144 participants were engaged in a virtual Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) classical paradigm, which involved remembering word lists across two successive sessions, in one of four protocols: I-individual\/nominal,     I I    -nominal\/individual,     I I I    -nominal\/collaborative,     I V    -collaborative\/nominal. Results suggested, in general, a reduced collaborative inhibition effect in the collaborative condition than the nominal and individual condition. A combined effect between experimental condition and difficulty of the task appears to explain the presence of collaborative inhibition or facilitation. Nominal groups appeared to enhance the collaborative groups\u2019 performance when virtual nominal groups come before collaborative groups. Variables such as personality traits, gender and social interactions may have a contribution to collaborative retrieval. In conclusion, this study indicated how VEs could maintain those peculiar social dynamics characterizing the participants\u2019 engagement in a task, both working together and individually, and could affect their intrinsic motivation as well as performances. These results could be exploited in order to design brand new and evidenced-based practices, to improve teleworking procedures and workers well-being, as well as teleworking teamwork effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12070118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T04:46:01Z","timestamp":1594701961000},"page":"118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Collaborative Facilitation and Collaborative Inhibition in Virtual Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Guazzini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 35630 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Complex Dynamics (CSDC), University of Florence, 35630 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Guidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 35630 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"LabCom, Research and Action for Psychosocial Wellbeing, 35630 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cecchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabCom, Research and Action for Psychosocial Wellbeing, 35630 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiko","family":"Yoneki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2017.1354997","article-title":"The influence of multiple trials and computer-mediated communication on collaborative and individual semantic recall","volume":"26","author":"Hinds","year":"2018","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3228","article-title":"Collaborative Inhibition and Semantic Recall: Improving Collaboration Through Computer-mediated Communication","volume":"30","author":"Hinds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belzunegui-Eraso, A., and Erro-Garc\u00e9s, A. (2020). Teleworking in the Context of the Covid-19 Crisis. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093662"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726718818721","article-title":"Trust in teams: A taxonomy of perceived trustworthiness factors and risk-taking behaviors in face-to-face and virtual teams","volume":"73","author":"Breuer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2019.101868","article-title":"Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework","volume":"44","author":"Kazekami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210701811862","article-title":"Collaborative recall and collective memory: What happens when we remember together?","volume":"16","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2011.608590","article-title":"Consensus collaboration enhances group and individual recall accuracy","volume":"65","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.3.598","article-title":"False memory for associated word lists in individuals and collaborating groups","volume":"36","author":"Maki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-015-9312-8","article-title":"When is it better to learn together? Insights from research on collaborative learning","volume":"27","author":"Richey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Edu. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000071","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of collaborative inhibition and postcollaborative memory: Testing the predictions of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis","volume":"142","author":"Marion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.803","article-title":"Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists","volume":"21","author":"Roediger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"209","article-title":"Production of false memories in collaborative memory tasks using the DRM paradigm","volume":"38","author":"Saraiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.23.5.1176","article-title":"A comparison of group and individual remembering: Does collaboration disrupt retrieval strategies?","volume":"23","author":"Basden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0130-0","article-title":"Encoding strategy affects false recall and recognition: Evidence from categorical study material","volume":"9","author":"Olszewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084295","article-title":"Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status","volume":"45","author":"Paivio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychol.\/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-008-9095-2","article-title":"A cognitive load approach to collaborative learning: United brains for complex tasks","volume":"21","author":"Kirschner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440600872068","article-title":"Collaborative false recall in the DRM procedure: Effects of group size and group pressure","volume":"19","author":"Thorley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.09.004","article-title":"Stress-induced cortisol responses, sex differences, and false recollections in a DRM paradigm","volume":"72","author":"Smeets","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210701807480","article-title":"Collaborative recall in face-to-face and electronic groups","volume":"16","author":"Ekeocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015354423055","article-title":"From the field: Characteristics of successful tertiary online students and strategies of experienced online educators","volume":"7","author":"Schrum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.04.003","article-title":"The influence of students and teachers characteristics on the efficacy of face-to-face and computer supported collaborative learning","volume":"51","author":"Solimeno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Santo, S.A. (2001). Virtual Learning, Personality, and Learning Styles. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Virginia]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"66","article-title":"A Two-Dimension Process in Explaining Learners\u2019 Collaborative Behaviors in CSCL","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zobdeh-Asadi, S. (2004). Differences in Personality Factors and Learners\u2019 Preference for Traditional Versus Online Education. [Ph.D. Thesis, Alliant International University]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"La Noce, F. (2002). E-Learning. La Nuova Frontiera Della Formazione, FrancoAngeli."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(01)00008-5","article-title":"Exploring the use of multimedia examination formats in undergraduate teaching: Results from the fielding testing","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2007.00224.x","article-title":"Gender-related differences in computer-mediated communication and computer-supported collaborative learning","volume":"23","author":"Prinsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/09500690802713507","article-title":"Talking science: The research evidence on the use of small group discussions in science teaching","volume":"32","author":"Bennett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(94)90054-X","article-title":"The use of small groups in computer-based training: A review of recent literature","volume":"10","author":"Stephenson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.06.004","article-title":"Exploring gender and gender pairing in the knowledge elaboration processes of students using computer-supported collaborative learning","volume":"56","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1387\/RevPsicodidact.6776","article-title":"Prediction of Success in Teamwork of Secondary Students\/\/Predicci\u00f3n del \u00e9xito en el trabajo en equipo de estudiantes de Secundaria","volume":"18","author":"Monereo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychodidactics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.038","article-title":"Effects of gender grouping on students\u2019 group performance, individual achievements and attitudes in computer-supported collaborative learning","volume":"48","author":"Zhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/00131880802499688","article-title":"Group composition and its effect on female and male problem-solving in science education","volume":"50","author":"Harskamp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-21-30","article-title":"Resuscitation training in small-group setting-gender matters","volume":"21","author":"Sopka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016601","article-title":"Improving classroom learning by collaboratively observing human tutoring videos while problem solving","volume":"101","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1402_2","article-title":"Learning to collaborate: An instructional approach to promoting collaborative problem solving in computer-mediated settings","volume":"14","author":"Rummel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520903433539","article-title":"Research on motivation in collaborative learning: Moving beyond the cognitive\u2013situative divide and combining individual and social processes","volume":"45","author":"Volet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.4.681","article-title":"Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration","volume":"65","author":"Karau","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.6.822","article-title":"Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing","volume":"37","author":"Williams","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.45.4.819","article-title":"Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis","volume":"45","author":"Kerr","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.78","article-title":"Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects","volume":"44","author":"Kerr","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610388763","article-title":"Collaborative memory: Cognitive research and theory","volume":"5","author":"Rajaram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027034","article-title":"Effect of perceived expertness upon creativity of members of brainstorming groups","volume":"53","author":"Collaros","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(83)90025-2","article-title":"Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual: A self-attention perspective","volume":"19","author":"Mullen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(02)00072-6","article-title":"A comparative content analysis of face-to-face vs. asynchronous group decision making","volume":"34","author":"Hiltz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00057-2","article-title":"Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: A review of the research","volume":"19","author":"Kreijns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(00)00002-5","article-title":"Collaborative learning tasks and the elaboration of conceptual knowledge","volume":"10","author":"Kanselaar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2006.12.013","article-title":"The importance of participant interaction in online environments","volume":"43","author":"Arbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2002.1001","article-title":"Virtual team interaction styles: Assessment and effects","volume":"56","author":"Potter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Pennebaker, J., Chung, C., Ireland, M., Gonzales, A., and Booth, R. (2007). The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC2007, LIWC. net."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X09351676","article-title":"The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods","volume":"29","author":"Tausczik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lang. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Joinson, A.N., McKenna, K., Postmes, T., and Reips, U.D. (2007). Self-disclosure, privacy and the Internet. Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Fiedler, K. (2007). The psychological functions of function words. Social Communication, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2010.04.265","article-title":"Cognitive network dynamics in chatlines","volume":"1","author":"Guazzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250084","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219525912500841","article-title":"Cognitive network structure: An experimental study","volume":"15","author":"Guazzini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Complex Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guazzini, A., Cecchini, C., and Guidi, E. (2016, January 12\u201314). Small group processes on computer supported collaborative learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet Science, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45982-0_12"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, S.C., Wang, H., and Shao, J. (2007). Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781584889830"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2011.583928","article-title":"The effect of information distribution on collaborative inhibition","volume":"19","author":"Meade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D., Lushene, R., and McAdoo, W. (1977). Theory and measurement of anxiety states. Handbook of Modern Personality Theory, Frontiers."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"333","article-title":"Uno strumento per il counseling: Il Five-Factor Adjective Short Test (5-FasT) [A measure for counseling: The Five-Factor Adjective Short Test (5-FasT)]","volume":"3","author":"Giannini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Couns. G. Ital. Ric. Appl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9038-8","article-title":"The state of cooperative learning in postsecondary and professional settings","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michailidou, A., and Economides, A. (2008). Gender and diversity in collaborative virtual teams. Computer Supported Collaborative Learning: Best Practices and Principles for Instructors, University of Macedonia.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-753-9.ch010"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496419863490","article-title":"Interactive effects of team virtuality and work design on team functioning","volume":"51","author":"Handke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Group Res."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/7\/118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:05Z","timestamp":1760176265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/7\/118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["fi12070118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi12070118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]}}}