{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:59:57Z","timestamp":1760237997684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Video playback on mobile consumer electronic (CE) devices is plagued by fluctuations in the network bandwidth and by limitations in processing and energy availability at the individual devices. Seen as a potential solution, the state-of-the-art adaptive streaming mechanisms address the first aspect, yet the efficient control of the decoding-complexity and the energy use when decoding the video remain unaddressed. The quality of experience (QoE) of the end-users\u2019 experiences, however, depends on the capability to adapt the bit streams to both these constraints (i.e., network bandwidth and device\u2019s energy availability). As a solution, this paper proposes an encoding framework that is capable of generating video bit streams with arbitrary bit rates and decoding-complexity levels using a decoding-complexity\u2013rate\u2013distortion model. The proposed algorithm allocates rate and decoding-complexity levels across frames and coding tree units (CTUs) and adaptively derives the CTU-level coding parameters to achieve their imposed targets with minimal distortion. The experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm can achieve the target bit rate and the decoding-complexity with 0.4% and 1.78% average errors, respectively, for multiple bit rate and decoding-complexity levels. The proposed algorithm also demonstrates a stable frame-wise rate and decoding-complexity control capability when achieving a decoding-complexity reduction of 10.11 (%\/dB). The resultant decoding-complexity reduction translates into an overall energy-consumption reduction of up to 10.52 (%\/dB) for a 1 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) quality loss compared to the HM 16.0 encoded bit streams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12070120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1594981322000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Decoding-Complexity and Rate-Controlled Video-Coding Algorithm for HEVC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9817-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanuja","family":"Mallikarachchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dumidu","family":"Talagala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARM Ltd., Manchester M1 3HU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemantha","family":"Kodikara Arachchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science &amp; Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaminda","family":"Hewage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cisco (2020). 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