{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:14:17Z","timestamp":1770999257968,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"I+D+I Project Research of Results Transfer Office (OTRI) of the University of Granada","award":["CNT4315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNT4315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology in the field of education, which has not yet been consolidated. Acceptance and adoption studies of IoT in higher education are scarce. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to explore the acceptance of the IoT by university professors for future adoption in higher education. An online survey was implemented based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), in a sample of 587 Spanish university teachers, aged between 21 and 58. The results showed that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and attitude toward using technology were influential in behavioral intention to use IoT. While the intention for use was similar between men and women and with respect to age. However, in the different constructs of the UTAUT model, the highest average scores were obtained in men and in teachers over 36 years of age. Finally, the findings and implications of the paper are discussed, showing empirical evidence on the adoption and acceptance of IoT in higher education in the context of Spain, highlighting the need for further research on emerging technologies in a context that is marked by COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12080123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1595581569000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Considerations on the Implications of the Internet of Things in Spanish Universities: The Usefulness Perceived by Professors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-Mar\u00eda","family":"Romero-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9525-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Alonso-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8623-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-Antonio","family":"Mar\u00edn-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1123-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waghid, Y., Waghid, Z., and Waghid, F. (2019). The fourth industrial revolution reconsidered: On advancing cosmopolitan education. South Afr. J. High. Educ., 33.","DOI":"10.20853\/33-6-3777"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Schmidt, E., and Cohen, J. (2014). The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives, Vintage."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Deursen, A., van der Zeeuw, A., de Boer, P., Jansen, G., and van Rompay, T. (2019). Digital inequalities in the internet of things: Differences in attitudes, material access, skills, and usage. Inf. Commun. Soc., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1646777"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2017.1351644","article-title":"Smart manufacturing","volume":"56","author":"Kusiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198","article-title":"A Review of the roles of digital twin in CPS-based production systems","volume":"11","author":"Negri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.01.014","article-title":"Digital twins and cyber\u2013physical systems toward smart manufacturing and industry 4.0: Correlation and comparison","volume":"5","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2014.12.001","article-title":"A cyber-physical systems architecture for industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Riding the wave in higher education","volume":"51","author":"Asseo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Mar\u00edn, J., L\u00f3pez-Belmonte, J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Campoy, J., and Romero-Rodr\u00edguez, J. (2019). Big data in education. A bibliometric review. Soc. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci8080223"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2014.02.001","article-title":"Service Innovation and Smart Analytics for Industry 4.0 and Big Data Environment","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Cirp"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal, S., and Kumar, D. (2020). IoT ecosystem: A survey on devices, gateways, operating systems, middleware and communication. Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-020-00483-7"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"35","article-title":"Understanding the paradigm shift in education in the twenty-first century","volume":"12","author":"Rodney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Worldw. Hosp. Tour. Themes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah, A., Hamad, R., Abdulrahman, M., Moala, H., and Elkhediri, S. (2019, January 1\u20133). CyberSecurity: A review of internet of things (IoT) security issues, challenges and techniques. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications Information Security, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIS.2019.8769560"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2869847","article-title":"Internet of things (IoT) cybersecurity research: A review of current research topics","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Things J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (2020, April 19). Recommendation ITU\u2013T Y.2060. Available online: http:\/\/handle.itu.int\/11.1002\/1000\/11559."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"97","article-title":"That \u2018internet of things\u2019 thing","volume":"22","author":"Ashton","year":"2009","journal-title":"RFID J."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gabbai, A. (2020, April 19). Kevin Ashton Describes \u201cThe Internet of Things\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/innovation\/kevin-ashton-describes-the-internet-of-things-180953749\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v15i06.10173","article-title":"The synthesis of the student relationship management system using the internet of things to collect the digital footprint for higher education institutions","volume":"15","author":"Songsom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Online Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v14i18.10765","article-title":"Potentials of fog computing in higher education","volume":"14","author":"Raman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"24","article-title":"Internet of Things: Applications in Education Sector","volume":"8","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJANTA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.016","article-title":"How attention level and cognitive style affect learning in a MOOC environment? Based on the perspective of brainwave analysis","volume":"100","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s, T., and Fraga-Lamas, P. (2019). Towards next generation teaching, learning, and context-aware applications for higher education: A review on blockchain, IoT, fog and edge computing enabled smart campuses and universities. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9214479"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, G. (2020). Research on the cooperative development of university and industry economy based on internet of things technology. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., e3917.","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3917"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v15i03.8533","article-title":"Asset supply chain management system-based IoT technology for higher education institutions","volume":"15","author":"Kuandee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Online Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012017","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/892\/1\/012017","article-title":"Internet of things in higher education: A study on future learning","volume":"892","author":"Aldowah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tianbo, Z. (2012). The internet of things promoting higher education revolution. 2012 Fourth Int. Conf. Multimed. Inf. Netw. Secur.","DOI":"10.1109\/MINES.2012.231"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Militaru, G., Simion, C., Deselnicu, D., Ioanid, A., and Niculescu, C. (2017, January 8\u20139). Examining students\u2019 acceptance of internet of things technology in higher education. Proceedings of the 30th International Business-Information-Management-Association Conference, Soliman, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"914","article-title":"Predictable influence of IoT (internet of things) in the higher education","volume":"7","author":"Abbasy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majeed, A., and Ali, M. (2018, January 8\u201310). How internet-of-things (IoT) making the university campuses smart? QA higher education (QAHE) perspective. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2018.8301774"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soler, U., and Busilo, M. (2019, January 9\u201312). Education of society as a tool to counteract disinformation in implementing new technologies. On the example of 5G mobile telecommunications network and Warsaw sewage system. Proceedings of the 2019 Applications of Electromagnetics in Modern Engineering and Medicine (PTZE), Janow Podlaski, Poland.","DOI":"10.23919\/PTZE.2019.8781728"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"271","article-title":"Condition, technologies and prospects of distance learning in the higher education of Ukraine","volume":"70","author":"Sysoieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Learn. Tools"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prospects of internet of things in education system","volume":"6","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"CTE J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Conde-Zhingre, L., Quezada-Sarmiento, P., and Labanda, M. (2018, January 13\u201316). The new generation of mobile networks: 5G technology and its application in the e-education context. Proceedings of the 2018 13th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Caceres, Spain."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barat\u00e8, A., Haus, G., Ludovico, L., Pagani, E., and Scarabottolo, N. (2017, January 20\u201322). 5G technology and its applications to music education. Proceedings of the International Conference On E-Learning, Athens, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.33965\/el2019_201909F009"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dake, D., and Adjei, B. (2019). 5G enabled technologies for smart education. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., 10.","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2019.0101228"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174673","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957206","article-title":"Applying the UTAUT model to explain the students\u2019 acceptance of mobile learning system in higher education","volume":"7","author":"Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-019-00685-8","article-title":"Extending UTAUT2 toward acceptance of mobile learning in the context of higher education","volume":"18","author":"Arain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"217","article-title":"Determinants of blended learning adoption in higher education. Adaptation of the Utaut model","volume":"17","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educ. Xx1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.03.016","article-title":"Unfamiliar technology: Reaction of international students to blended learning","volume":"122","author":"Prasad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinners, L., Aggar, C., Grace, S., and Smith, S. (2019). Exploring healthcare professionals\u2019 understanding and experiences of artificial intelligence technology use in the delivery of healthcare: An integrative review. Health Inf. J., 1460458219874641.","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219874641"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2019.101324","article-title":"Technology acceptance theories and factors influencing artificial Intelligence-based intelligent products","volume":"47","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telemat. Inf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.L., Cao, T.H., Shu, J.B., and Liu, H. (2020). Identifying key factors affecting college students\u2019 adoption of the e-learning system in mandatory blended learning environments. Interact. Learn. Environ., in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1723113"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mis Q."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412","article-title":"Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology","volume":"36","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mis Q."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/07380569.2019.1603051","article-title":"Factors influencing student acceptance of mobile learning in higher education","volume":"36","author":"Fagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Sch."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., Vinnikova, A., Lu, L., and Xu, J. (2020). Understanding and predicting the adoption of fitness mobile apps: Evidence from China. Health Commun., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1724637"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.11.004","article-title":"Extending unified theory of acceptance and use of technology with perceived monetary value for smartphone adoption at the bottom of the pyramid","volume":"51","author":"Baishya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.11.003","article-title":"Acceptance of public cloud storage services in South Korea: A multi-group analysis","volume":"51","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3846\/bme.2017.378","article-title":"Factors affecting university students intentions to use debit card services: an empirical study based on UTAUT","volume":"15","author":"Kissi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bus. Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolopoulou, K., Gialamas, V., and Lavidas, K. (2020). Acceptance of mobile phone by university students for their studies: An investigation applying UTAUT2 model. Educ. Inf. Technol., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10157-9"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"212","article-title":"Individual participation in organizational information commons: The impact of team level social influence and technology-specific competence","volume":"31","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khechine, H., Raymond, B., and Augier, M. (2020). The adoption of a social learning system: Intrinsic value in the UTAUT model. Br. J. Educ. Technol., in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12905"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"The user acceptance behavior to mobile digital libraries","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Enterp. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Yan, P., Bao, H., Selvachandran, G., Quynh, L., Minh, H.T., Hoang, L., Abdel-Baset, M., Manogaran, G., and Varatharajan, R. (2020). Perception, acceptance and willingness of older adults in Malaysia towards online shopping: A study using the UTAUT and IRT models. J. Ambient Intell. Hum. Comput., in press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-018-9693-1","article-title":"Understanding the determinants of novel technology adoption among teachers: The case of 3D printing","volume":"45","author":"Holzmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Toward reducing institutional digital divides in the media industry: Examining social media use in ethnic media organizations","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, April 19). Life Course. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/elena\/life_course\/."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105348","article-title":"Assessing driver acceptance of technology that reduces mobile phone use while driving: The case of mobile phone applications","volume":"135","author":"Briant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-018-9864-5","article-title":"Exploring the influential factors of continuance intention to use mobile Apps: Extending the expectation confirmation model","volume":"22","author":"Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C., and Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"34","article-title":"Structural equation models","volume":"31","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pap. Del Psic\u00f3l."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/57.3.519","article-title":"Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications","volume":"57","author":"Mardia","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"24","article-title":"New insights about the FCB grid","volume":"27","author":"Ratchford","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Advert. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitreat-multimethod matrix","volume":"56","author":"Campbell","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/8\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:29Z","timestamp":1760176289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/8\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["fi12080123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi12080123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]}}}