{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:15:29Z","timestamp":1760238929470,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["on the program to improve the competitiveness of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) among the world's leading research and education centers in 2016-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["on the program to improve the competitiveness of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) among the world's leading research and education centers in 2016-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information and communication technologies transform modern education into a more available learning matrix. One of the unexplored aspects of open education is the constant communicative interaction within the student group by using social media. The aim of the study was to determine principal functions of student-led communication in the educational process, the method for assessing its strong points and the disadvantages disrupting traditional learning. For the primary study of the phenomenon, we used methods that made it possible to propose approaches to further analysis. Netnography is the main research method defining the essence and characteristics of the student-led peer-communication. In our research, we applied data visualization, analytical and quantitative methods and developed a set of quantitative indicators that can be used to assess various aspects of student communication in chats. The elaborated visual model can serve as a simple tool for diagnosing group communication processes. We revealed that online group chats perform a support function in learning. They provide constant informational resource on educational and organizational issues and create emotional comfort. Identified features serve to define shortcomings (e.g., lack of students\u2019 readiness to freely exchange answers to assignments) and significant factors (e.g., underutilized opportunities for self-organization) that exist in the modern system of higher education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12090143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T09:05:37Z","timestamp":1598432737000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Online Group Student Peer-Communication as an Element of Open Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7956-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Bylieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1549-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zafer","family":"Bekirogullari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, North Nicosia CY-2417, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kuznetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Almazova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Lobatyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rubtsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/201911002011","article-title":"Social and educational environment modeling in future vision: Infosphere tools","volume":"110","author":"Shipunova","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Resources to matrix control of mental activity in information environments","volume":"24","author":"Shipunova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Utop. Prax. Latinoam."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37737-3_22","article-title":"Digital Learning as a Factor of Professional Competitive Growth","volume":"Volume 1114","author":"Evseeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paskevicius, M., and Irvine, V. (2019). Open Education and Learning Design: Open Pedagogy in Praxis. J. Interact. Media Educ., 2019.","DOI":"10.5334\/jime.512"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronin, C. (2020). Open Education, Brill Sense.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004422988_002"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Bonk, C.J., Reeves, T.C., and Reynolds, T.H. (2019). MOOCs and Open Education in the Global South: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429398919"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, August 08). Open Education. Available online: https:\/\/wiki.ubc.ca\/Documentation:Open_Education."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stracke, C.M. (2019). Quality Frameworks and Learning Design for Open Education. Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn., 20.","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v20i2.4213"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Andreia, I.D.S., Yves, P., and Jonatan, C.M. (2016). Opening up Education: A Support Framework for Higher Education Institutions, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e408","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7990","article-title":"Facebook Groups as a Powerful and Dynamic Tool in Medical Education: Mixed-Method Study","volume":"19","author":"Nicolai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/0273475315583748","article-title":"Students\u2019 Perceptions and Experiences of Social Media in Higher Education","volume":"37","author":"Neier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mark. Educ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"659","article-title":"Development of Electronic Information and Educational Environment of the University 4.0 and Prospects of Integration of Engineering Education and Humanities","volume":"131","author":"Aladyshkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Techn. Adv. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02003-w","article-title":"Using a Facebook group to facilitate faculty-student interactions during preclinical medical education: A retrospective survey analysis","volume":"20","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.11.007","article-title":"Trust as a learning facilitator that affects students\u2019 learning performance in the Facebook community: An investigation in a business planning writing course","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"465","article-title":"The Teacher\u2019s Role in Organizing Intercultural Communication Between Russian and International Students","volume":"131","author":"Anosova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Tech. Adv. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-09-2016-0030","article-title":"Creating micro-videos to demonstrate technology learning and digital literacy","volume":"13","author":"Frydenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact. Technol. Smart Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2012.07.001","article-title":"Understanding management students\u2019 reflective practice through blogging","volume":"16","author":"Osman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"961","article-title":"Students\u2019 engagement in social media and its mainstay for teaching and learning. The case of the wa nursing training college","volume":"4","author":"Quansah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/0273475315586061","article-title":"Beyond the Tweet","volume":"37","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mark. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Speaking the Same Language: The Value of Social Networking Sites for Hospitality and Tourism Higher Education in Egypt","volume":"28","author":"Sobaih","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Educ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.522398","article-title":"Detecting Topics of Chat Discussions in A Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) Environment","volume":"20","author":"Adanir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. Online J. Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.01.007","article-title":"Monitoring patterns of social and cognitive student behaviors in online collaborative problem solving assessments","volume":"104","author":"Scoular","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2003.07.001","article-title":"Analyzing collaborative knowledge construction","volume":"41","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5688\/aj7408145","article-title":"Using facebook within a geriatric pharmacotherapy course","volume":"74","author":"Estus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matli, W. (2019, January 2\u20134). How Undergraduate Students \u2018Chat Language\u2019in Whatsapp. Proceedings of the 2019 Open Innovations (OI), Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/OI.2019.8908253"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"8","article-title":"Schools and Social Networking: Fear or Education?","volume":"6","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synerg. Perspect. Local"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/17439880902923606","article-title":"Facebook, social integration and informal learning at university: \u2018It is more for socialising and talking to friends about work than for actually doing work\u2019","volume":"34","author":"Madge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learn. Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/17439880902923622","article-title":"Faceworking: Exploring students\u2019 education-related use of Facebook","volume":"34","author":"Selwyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learn. Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.03.306","article-title":"Dear teacher, what should I write on my wall? A case study on academic uses of Facebook","volume":"15","author":"Grosseck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.08.026","article-title":"Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance","volume":"28","author":"Junco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.052","article-title":"Correlation between Facebook use for educational purposes and academic performance of students","volume":"61","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0139-0","article-title":"What foresees college students\u2019 tendency to use facebook for diverse educational purposes?","volume":"16","author":"Toker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20897\/lectito.201641","article-title":"(Catherine) Educational use of Facebook by undergraduate students in Malaysia higher education: A case study of a private university","volume":"1","author":"Ean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Coughlan, T., and Perryman, L.-A. (2015). Are Student-Led Facebook Groups Open Educational Practices?, OER15."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-016-0273-5","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 use of Facebook for educational purposes","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect. Med Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.01.008","article-title":"New literacy practice in a facebook group: The case of a residential learning community","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2019.1670780","article-title":"I will pay someone to do my assignment: An analysis of market demand for contract cheating services on twitter","volume":"45","author":"Amigud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2018.1462788","article-title":"Contract cheating: A survey of Australian university students","volume":"44","author":"Bretag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozinets, R.V. (2015). Netnography. The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118767771.wbiedcs067"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Netnography: A method specifically designed to study cultures and communities online","volume":"15","author":"Bowler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09700-4","article-title":"Open educational resources, student efficacy, and user perceptions: A synthesis of research published between 2015 and 2018","volume":"68","author":"Hilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baas, M., Admiraal, W., and Berg, E.V.D. (2019). Teachers\u2019 Adoption of Open Educational Resources in Higher Education. J. Interact. Media Educ., 2019.","DOI":"10.5334\/jime.510"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.4252","article-title":"An analysis of peer reviewed publications on openness in education in half a century: Trends and patterns in the open hemisphere","volume":"35","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australas. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/02607476.2020.1733402","article-title":"Cooperative learning as an evidence-based teaching strategy: What teachers know, believe, and how they use it","volume":"46","author":"Abramczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Educ. Teach."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"18","article-title":"Openness and Praxis: Exploring the Use of Open Educational Practices in Higher Education","volume":"18","author":"Cronin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2018.1520040","article-title":"Institutional mapping of open educational practices beyond use of Open Educational Resources","volume":"39","author":"Nascimbeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.15405\/epsbs.2019.09.02.20","article-title":"Mentality Influence on the Learning Process in China and Russia","volume":"69","author":"Bokova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci. EpSBS"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2018.1446373","article-title":"A comparison of Russian and Philippine secondary school students on their sociomotivational relationships in school: A motivation typology","volume":"7","author":"Hoferichter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sch. Educ. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/9\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:07:01Z","timestamp":1760177221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/9\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["fi12090143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi12090143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]}}}