{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T19:03:11Z","timestamp":1776279791114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, there are several emerging technologies that seek to improve quality of life. To achieve this, it is important to establish the various technologies\u2019 fields of action and to determine which technology meets the conditions established by the environment in which it is designed to operate in order to satisfy the needs of society. One type of environment is the university campus. This particular environment is conducive to the development and testing of technological innovations that might later be replicated in larger environments such as smart cities. The technology that has experienced the greatest development and introduction of applications is the Internet of Things. The wide variety of available devices and the wide reach of the Internet have become ideal parameters for the application of the Internet of Things in areas that previously required the work of people. The Internet of Things is seen as an assistant to, or a substitute for, processes that are generally routine and which require the effort of one or more people. This work focuses specifically on processes to improve administrative management in a university through the use of the Internet of Things.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12100162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T22:24:42Z","timestamp":1601245482000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Internet of Things Model for Improving Process Management on University Campus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5421-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Villegas-Ch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Palacios-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito 170411, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Ca\u00f1izares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagheri, M., and Movahed, S.H. (2017, January 4\u20137). The Effect of the Internet of Things (IoT) on Education Business Model. Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet-Based Systems, SITIS, Jaipur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2016.74"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","article-title":"The Internet of Things: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Atzori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-011-0288-5","article-title":"Internet of things: Applications and challenges in technology and standardization","volume":"58","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2306328","article-title":"Internet of things for smart cities","volume":"1","author":"Zanella","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, X. (2013, January 22\u201323). Constructing Smart Campus Based on the Cloud Computing Platform and the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering {(ICCSEE 2013)}, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/iccsee.2013.395"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhang, T. (2012, January 2\u20134). The Internet of Things promoting higher education revolution. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Security, Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.09.019","article-title":"Interaction system based on Internet of things as support for education","volume":"21","author":"Huete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Palacios-Pacheco, X., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2019). Application of a Smart City Model to a Traditional University Campus with a Big Data Architecture: A Sustainable Smart Campus. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102857"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Tan, L., and Wang, N. (2010, January 20\u201322). Future Internet: The Internet of Things. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.390","article-title":"Educating the Internet of Things Generation","volume":"46","author":"Kortuem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca\u0163\u0103, M. (2015, January 24\u201326). Smart university, a new concept in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the International Conference-Networking in Education and Research (RoEduNet NER), Craiova, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/RoEduNet.2015.7311993"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, K., and Ge, L. (2013, January 14\u201315). A survey on the internet of things security. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, CIS, Sichuan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIS.2013.145"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Baali, M., Caliciotti, A., Fasano, G., and Roma, M. (2018). Quasi-Newton Based Preconditioning and Damped Quasi-Newton Schemes for Nonlinear Conjugate Gradient Methods, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90026-1_1"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3","article-title":"Smart University Taxonomy: Features, Components, Systems","volume":"Volume 59","author":"Uskov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Education and e-Learning"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Babar, S., Stango, A., Prasad, N., Sen, J., and Prasad, R. (March, January 28). Proposed embedded security framework for Internet of Things (IoT). Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace and Electronic Systems Technology, Wireless, Chennai, India."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600421","article-title":"Internet of Things Architecture: Recent Advances, Taxonomy, Requirements, and Open Challenges","volume":"24","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Gubbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.013","article-title":"Data mining of customer choice behavior in internet of things within relationship network","volume":"50","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rivastava, D.K., and Singh, A. (2018, January 25\u201326). Big data analytics towards a framework for a smart city. Proceedings of the Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, Ahmedabad, India."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2015.03.008","article-title":"The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Christin, D., Reinhardt, A., Mogre, P.S., and Steinmetz, R. (2009, January 2). Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things: Selected Challenges. Proceedings of the 8th GI\/ITG KuVS Fachgespr\u00e4ch Drahtlose Sensornetze, Darmstadt, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3188","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3188","article-title":"Anomaly behavior analysis for IoT sensors","volume":"29","author":"Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2409","article-title":"The Internet of Things, Progress Report for Africa: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Onyalo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Q., Wang, R., Chen, Q., Liu, Y., and Qin, W. (2010, January 11\u201313). IOT gateway: Bridging wireless sensor networks into Internet of Things. Proceedings of the IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUC.2010.58"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2417684","article-title":"An IoT-Aware Architecture for Smart Healthcare Systems","volume":"2","author":"Catarinucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talari, S., Shafie-Khah, M., Siano, P., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., and Catal\u00e3o, J.P.S. (2017). A review of smart cities based on the internet of things concept. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10040421"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2015.35021","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): A Literature Review","volume":"3","author":"Madakam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2683200","article-title":"A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6211498","article-title":"Wi-Fi enabled sensors for internet of things: A practical approach","volume":"50","author":"Tozlu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yashiro, T., Kobayashi, S., Koshizuka, N., and Sakamura, K. (2013, January 26\u201329). An Internet of Things (IoT) architecture for embedded appliances. Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference, Sendai, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/R10-HTC.2013.6669062"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani, S., and Chauhdary, S. (2018). A Novel Framework and Enhanced QoS Big Data Protocol for Smart City Applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0469.v1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, M., Gia, T.N., Anzanpour, A., Rahmani, A.M., Westerlund, T., Salantera, S., Liljeberg, P., and Tenhunen, H. (2016, January 20\u201322). IoT-based remote facial expression monitoring system with sEMG signal. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2016.7479847"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960173","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/960173","article-title":"An Intelligent Wireless Sensor Networks System with Multiple Servers Communication","volume":"2015","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1108\/09600031011018064","article-title":"Sustainability and energy efficiency Research implications from an academic","volume":"40","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., Jarwar, M., and Chong, I. (2018). Design Methodology of Microservices to Support Predictive Analytics for IoT Applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124226"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09177-8_11","article-title":"Towards a Big Data Analytics Framework for IoT and Smart City Applications","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Strohbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Modeling and Optimization in Science and Technologies"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.10.003","article-title":"A cross-layer communication module for the Internet of Things","volume":"57","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2013.12.020","article-title":"SmartSantander: IoT experimentation over a smart city testbed","volume":"61","author":"Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-ch, W., Arias-navarrete, A., and Palacios-pacheco, X. (2020). Proposal of an Architecture for the Integration of a Chatbot with Artificial Intelligence in a Smart Campus for the Improvement of Learning. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041500"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Rom\u00e1n-Ca\u00f1izares, M., and Palacios-Pacheco, X. (2020). Improvement of an Online Education Model with the Integration of Machine Learning and Data Analysis in an LMS. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155371"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090007","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4965371","article-title":"Preconditioning strategies for nonlinear conjugate gradient methods, based on quasi-Newton updates","volume":"1776","author":"Caliciotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S., and Buena\u00f1o-Fernandez, D. (2018, January 11\u201314). Towards the Integration of Business Intelligence Tools Applied to Educational Data Mining. Proceedings of the IEEE World Engineering Education Conference (EDUNINE), IEEE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUNINE.2018.8450954"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacios-Pacheco, X., Villegas-Ch, W., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2019, January 12\u201313). Application of Data Mining for the Detection of Variables that Cause University Desertion. Proceedings of the Communications in Computer and Information Science, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05532-5_38"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S., Buena\u00f1o-Fernandez, D., and Palacios-Pacheco, X. (2018, January 21\u201325). Big data, the next step in the evolution of educational data analysis. Proceedings of the Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Libertad, Ecuador.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73450-7_14"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.050","article-title":"Big data driven smart energy management: From big data to big insights","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaglio, S., Lo Re, G., Morana, M., and Ruocco, C. (2019, January 12\u201315). Smart assistance for students and people living in a campus. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Computing, SMARTCOMP 2019, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP.2019.00042"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopatovska, I., and Williams, H. (2018, January 11\u201315). Personification of the amazon alexa: BFF or a mindless companion?. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Human Information Interaction & Retrieval, Brunswick, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3176349.3176868"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Buena\u00f1o-Fern\u00e1ndez, D., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2018). Educational data analysis applying a kdd methodology. e-Society, 301\u2013305."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021","article-title":"Integration of Cloud computing and Internet of Things: A survey","volume":"56","author":"Botta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S.R., and Kim, Y.G. (2017, January 13\u201315). Security Requirements Analysis for the IoT. Proceedings of the International Conference on Platform Technology and Service, Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/PlatCon.2017.7883727"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoodi, Y., Reiter, S., Viehl, A., Bringmann, O., and Rosenstiel, W. (2018, January 29\u201331). Attack surface modeling and assessment for penetration testing of IoT system designs. Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design, DSD, IEEE, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD.2018.00043"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Xue, R., Wang, L., and Chen, J. (2011, January 15\u201317). Using the IOT to construct ubiquitous learning environment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering, MACE, Inner Mongolia, China."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez-Briseno, M., Navarro-Cota, C., Nieto-Hipolito, J.I., Jimenez-Garcia, E., and Sanchez-Lopez, J.D. (2012, January 27\u201329). A proposal for using the internet of things concept to increase children\u2019s health awareness. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics Communications and Computing, Puebla, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/CONIELECOMP.2012.6189903"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Special_Issue_Business_Intelligence_Rese","volume":"36","author":"Hsinchun","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez-Campana, M., L\u00f3pez, G., V\u00e1zquez, E., Villagr\u00e1, V.A., and Berrocal, J. (2017). Smart CEI moncloa: An iot-based platform for people flow and environmental monitoring on a Smart University Campus. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122856"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/10\/162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:13:47Z","timestamp":1760177627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/12\/10\/162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["fi12100162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi12100162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}}}