{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:55:58Z","timestamp":1770728158284,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic provided a much-needed sanity check for IoT-inspired frameworks and solutions. IoT solutions such as remote health monitoring and contact tracing provided support for authorities to successfully manage the spread of the coronavirus. This article provides the first comprehensive review of key IoT solutions that have had an impact on COVID-19 in healthcare, contact tracing, and transportation during the pandemic. Each sector is investigated in depth; and potential applications, social and economic impact, and barriers for mass adaptation are discussed in detail. Furthermore, it elaborates on the challenges and opportunities for IoT framework solutions in the immediate post-COVID-19 era. To this end, privacy and security concerns of IoT applications are analyzed in depth and emerging standards and code of practices for mass adaptation are also discussed. The main contribution of this review paper is the in-depth analysis and categorization of sector-wise IoT technologies, which have the potential to be prominent applications in the new normal. IoT applications in each selected sector are rated for their potential economic and social impact, timeline for mass adaptation, and Technology Readiness Level (TRL). In addition, this article outlines potential research directions for next-generation IoT applications that would facilitate improved performance with preserved privacy and security, as well as wider adaptation by the population at large.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13050105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["IoT Technologies during and Beyond COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Yousif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Technologies, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaminda","family":"Hewage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Technologies, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liqaa","family":"Nawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Technologies, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, R., Yousuf, T., Aloul, F., and Zualkernan, I. (2015). Internet of things (IoT) security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures. 2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, ICITST.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITST.2015.7412116"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.041","article-title":"Internet of things (IoT) applications to fight against COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2021.01.015","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT) enabled healthcare helps to take the challenges of COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Javaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bocetta, S. (2021, March 23). Hands-Free Everything? The Coronavirus Impact on IoT. Available online: https:\/\/www.globalsign.com\/en\/blog\/hands-free-everything-coronavirus-impact-iot."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Western Shelter (2021, February 26). COVID-19 Screening, Monitoring, and Isolation Part 1\u2014Western Shelter. Available online: https:\/\/westernshelter.com\/blog\/2020\/8\/3\/covid-19-screening-monitoring-and-isolation."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021, February 26). Triax Technologies, Proximity Trace Triax Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/www.triaxtec.com\/resource\/fact-sheet\/proximity-trace\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Koetsier, J. (2021, February 26). This Smart Home Gym Is the Future of Fitness. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/johnkoetsier\/2020\/10\/13\/this-smart-home-gym-is-the-future-of-fitness\/?sh=68691ae414bd."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, February 26). Coronavirus. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Frontiers (2021, February 26). The Use of IoT Technologies to Identify and Control the COVID-19 Pandemic in Urban Areas|Frontiers Research Topic. Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/research-topics\/14707\/the-use-of-iot-technologies-to-identify-and-control-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-urban-areas#overview."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2847733","article-title":"The Effect of IoT New Features on Security and Privacy: New Threats, Existing Solutions, and Challenges Yet to Be Solved","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2021, April 22). 5 Benefits of Temperature Screening Technology for your Business|IPM Group. Available online: https:\/\/ipmgroupuk.com\/5-benefits-of-temperature-screening-technology\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bentotahewa, V., Hewage, C., and Williams, J. (2020, January 2\u20134). Security and privacy issues associated with Coronavirus diagnosis and prognosis. Proceedings of the EAI Conference: AISCOVID19, Viana do Castelo, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2021, March 02). Personal Use: Meet ADAMM\u2014Health Care Originals. Available online: http:\/\/www.healthcareoriginals.com\/personal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.05.359","article-title":"IoT-Based Continuous Glucose Monitoring System: A Feasibility Study","volume":"109","author":"Gia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021, March 02). Watch\u2014Why Apple Watch\u2014Apple (UK). Available online: https:\/\/www.apple.com\/uk\/watch\/why-apple-watch\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2021, March 02). Expanding IoT through Image Sensing Technologies. Available online: http:\/\/www.healthcare.omron.co.jp\/english\/news\/2016\/0418.html."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021, March 02). Home Monitoring System for Elderly\u2014Computers for Seniors. Available online: https:\/\/www.grandcare.com\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102149","article-title":"An IoT-Based Framework for Early Identification and Monitoring of COVID-19 Cases","volume":"62","author":"Otoom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.M., Malik, H., Khan, M.I., Pardy, T., Kuusik, A., and Le Moullec, Y. (2018). A Survey on the Roles of Communication Technologies in IoT-Based Personalized Healthcare Applications, IEEE Access.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2853148"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-021-00006-7","article-title":"QoE in IoT: A vision, survey and future directions","volume":"1","author":"Fizza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discov. Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9629381","article-title":"Understanding Security Requirements and Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT): A Review","volume":"2019","author":"Hameed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Networks Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102568","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevention and treatment methods and effective parameters: A systematic literature review","volume":"64","author":"Rahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.09.015","article-title":"Review of IoT applications in agro-industrial and environmental fields","volume":"142","author":"Talavera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2021, March 31). Technology Readiness Level|NASA, Available online: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/directorates\/heo\/scan\/engineering\/technology\/txt_accordion1.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kamal, M., Aljohani, A., and Alanazi, E. (2020). IOT Meets COVID-19: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90225","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992341","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of IoT, Drones, AI, Blockchain, and 5G in Managing its Impact","volume":"8","author":"Chamola","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186821","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030090","article-title":"IoT in the Wake of COVID-19: A Survey on Contributions, Challenges and Evolution","volume":"8","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"32","article-title":"Role of IoT to avoid spreading of COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Networks"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, P.K., and Mitra, S. (2021). Application of Agricultural Drones and IoT to Understand Food Supply Chain During Post COVID-19. Agricultural Informatics, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119769231.ch4"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021, April 15). Agriculture IoT Market Worth $32.75 Billion by 2027- Market Size, Share, Forecasts, & Trends Analysis Report with COVID-19 Impact by Meticulous Research\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2021\/03\/22\/2196690\/0\/en\/Agriculture-IoT-Market-Worth-32-75-Billion-by-2027-Market-Size-Share-Forecasts-Trends-Analysis-Report-with-COVID-19-Impact-by-Meticulous-Research.html."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Suleman, H. (2021, April 15). How to Use the IoT to Keep Your Restaurant Clean and Safe|FoodSafetyTech. Available online: https:\/\/foodsafetytech.com\/column\/how-to-use-the-iot-to-keep-your-restaurant-clean-and-safe\/."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"6","article-title":"Wireless Sensing Technology with IoMT approach for Continuous Monitoring of Breathing Rate and Volume during COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Cities"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uday, S., Jyotsna, C., and Amudha, J. (2018, January 20\u201321). Detection of Stress using Wearable Sensors in IoT Platform. Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies, ICICCT 2018, Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICCT.2018.8473010"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2021, March 03). ABTraceTogether|Alberta.ca. Available online: https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/ab-trace-together.aspx."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Stanford Children\u2019s Health (2021, February 26). About Telehealth Services (Virtual Visits)\u2014Stanford Children\u2019s Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.stanfordchildrens.org\/en\/telehealth\/about-virtual-visits."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kinsa Health (2021, February 26). Kinsa Smart Thermometers|Kinsa Inc. Available online: https:\/\/www.kinsahealth.co\/products\/."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"IOT Based Emergency Medical Services","volume":"4","author":"Isabella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, N., and Jilla, S. (2011, January 12\u201314). Digital Fitness Connector: Smart Wearable System. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Informatics and Computational Intelligence, ICI 2011, Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICI.2011.70"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"McArthur, R. (2021, February 26). Bahrain Launches Electronic Bracelets to Keep Track of Active COVID-19 Cases|MobiHealthNews. Available online: https:\/\/www.mobihealthnews.com\/news\/emea\/bahrain-launches-electronic-bracelets-keep-track-active-covid-19-cases."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Saiidi, U. (2021, February 26). Hong Kong Uses Electronic Wristbands to Enforce Coronavirus Quarantine. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/03\/18\/hong-kong-uses-electronic-wristbands-to-enforce-coronavirus-quarantine.html."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"BBC News (2021, February 26). Coronavirus: People-Tracking Wristbands Tested to Enforce Lockdown\u2014BBC News. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/technology-52409893."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H., Khan, S., Qadir, Z., Kouzani, A., and Mahmud, M. (2021). Insight into the Impact of COVID-19 on Australian Transportation Sector: An Economic and Community-Based Perspective. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031276"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/cjag.12235","article-title":"Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis","volume":"68","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthuramalingam, S., Bharathi, A., Kumar, S.R., Gayathri, N., Sathiyaraj, R., and Balamurugan, B. (2019). Iot based intelligent transportation system (iot-its) for global perspective: A case study. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04203-5_13"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Darsena, D., Gelli, G., Iudice, I., and Verde, F. (2020). Safe and reliable public transportation systems (SALUTARY) in the COVID-19 pandemic. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutar, S., Koul, R., and Suryavanshi, R. (2016, January 22\u201324). Integration of smart phone and IOT for development of smart public transportation system. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTA.2016.7562698"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dweik, A., Muresan, R., Mayhew, M., and Lieberman, M. (April, January 30). IoT-based multifunctional Scalable real-time Enhanced Road Side Unit for Intelligent Transportation Systems. Proceedings of 30th annual IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (IEEE 2017 CCECE), Windsor, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2017.7946618"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puiu, D., Bischof, S., Serbanescu, B., Nechifor, S., Parreira, J., and Schreiner, H. (2017). A public transportation journey planner enabled by IoT data analytics. 2017 20th Conference on Innovations in Clouds, Internet and Networks (ICIN), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIN.2017.7899440"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Schurtze, A. (2021, March 03). Cold Chain Doubts Delay COVID-19 Vaccinations in Some German Cities|Reuters. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/health-coronavirus-europe-vaccines-germa\/cold-chain-doubts-delay-covid-19-vaccinations-in-some-german-cities-idINKBN2910G8."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1764","article-title":"The effectiveness of distance learning using social media during the pandemic period of covid-19: A case in universitas kristen Indonesia","volume":"29","author":"Nadeak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makransky, G., Thisgaard, M.W., and Gadegaard, H. (2016). Virtual Simulations as Preparation for Lab Exercises: Assessing Learning of Key Laboratory Skills in Microbiology and Improvement of Essential Non-Cognitive Skills. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155895"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.18421\/TEM94-45","article-title":"IoT in Distance Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Ilieva","year":"2020","journal-title":"TEM J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awais, M., Raza, M., Singh, N., Bashir, K., Manzoor, U., Islam, S.U., and Rodrigues, J.J.P.C. (2020). LSTM based Emotion Detection using Physiological Signals: IoT framework for Healthcare and Distance Learning in COVID-19. IEEE Internet Things J., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3044031"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021, March 03). Exposure Notifications: Helping Fight COVID-19\u2014Google. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/exposurenotifications\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2021, March 28). Self Checkout Systems in 2021: Comprehensive Guide. Available online: https:\/\/research.aimultiple.com\/self-checkout\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Panchal, J. (2021, March 03). How IoT-Enhanced Warehouses Are Changing the Supply Chain Management\u2014Part 1\u2014IoT Now News\u2014How to Run an IoT Enabled Business. Available online: https:\/\/www.iot-now.com\/2019\/01\/07\/91762-iot-enhanced-warehouses-changing-supply-chain-management\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Gregory, J. (2021, April 21). The Internet of Things: Revolutionizing the Retail Industry. Available online: https:\/\/www.accenture.com\/_acnmedia\/Accenture\/ConversionAssets\/DotCom\/Documents\/Global\/PDF\/Dualpub_14\/AccentureTheInternetOfThings.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"De Vass, T., Shee, H., and Miah, S.J. (2020). Iot in supply chain management: A narrative on retail sector sustainability. Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl., 1\u201320."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashir, A., Izhar, U., and Jones, C. (2021, April 22). IoT Based COVID-19 SOP Compliance Monitoring and Assisting System for Businesses and Public Offices. Available online: https:\/\/ecsa-7.sciforum.net\/.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-7-08267"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Reimer, J. (2021, February 26). How IoT Can Help Us Get Moving Post-COVID. Available online: https:\/\/360.here.com\/iot-technology-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A. (2015). A Smart Gym Framework: Theoretical Approach. 2015 IEEE Int. Symp. Nanoelectron. Inf. Syst., 191\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1109\/iNIS.2015.32"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"IoT-based System for COVID-19 Indoor Safety Monitoring","volume":"2020","author":"Petrovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"IcETRAN"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Statista Research Department (2021, February 26). IoT Market Size Worldwide 2017\u20132025|Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/976313\/global-iot-market-size\/."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leading the IoT\u2014Gartner Insights on How to Lead in a Connected World","volume":"1","author":"Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gart. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domb, M. (2019). Smart Home Systems Based on Internet of Things. IoT and Smart Home Automation [Working Title], IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.84894"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"HTF Market Intelligence Consulting (2021, February 26). IOT In Logistics Market May See a Big Move|Cisco Systems, IBM. Available online: https:\/\/www.openpr.com\/news\/2134501\/iot-in-logistics-market-may-see-a-big-move-cisco-systems-ibm."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"IoT Business News (2021, February 26). IoT News\u2014Cisco Predicts Rapid Growth in The IoT Logistics Market\u2014IoT Business News. Available online: https:\/\/iotbusinessnews.com\/2020\/08\/19\/06126-cisco-predicts-rapid-growth-in-the-iot-logistics-market\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Morrish, J. (2021, February 26). Global IoT Market to Grow to $1.5trn Annual Revenue by 2030\u2014IoT Now News\u2014How to Run an IoT Enabled Business. Available online: https:\/\/www.iot-now.com\/2020\/05\/20\/102937-global-iot-market-to-grow-to-1-5trn-annual-revenue-by-2030\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Horwitz, L. (2021, February 26). Internet of Things (IoT)\u2014The Future of IoT Miniguide: The burgeoning IoT Market Continues\u2014Cisco. Available online: https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/internet-of-things\/future-of-iot.html."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Medberry, P. (2021, February 26). Industrial IoT: Top 3 Trends for 2021\u2014Cisco Blogs. Available online: https:\/\/blogs.cisco.com\/internet-of-things\/industrial-iot-top-3-trends-for-2021."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"5","article-title":"A survey on various cyber attacks and their classification","volume":"15","author":"Uma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.13052\/jcsm2245-1439.414","article-title":"Cyber security and the internet of things: Vulnerabilities, threats, intruders and attacks","volume":"4","author":"Abomhara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cyber Secur. Mobil."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.08.001","article-title":"Network attacks: Taxonomy, tools and systems","volume":"40","author":"Hoque","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Canongia, C., and Mandarino, R. (2013). Cybersecurity: The new challenge of the information society. Crisis Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, IGI Global."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Injac, O., and \u0160endelj, R. (2016). National security policy and strategy and cyber security risks. Identity Theft: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-8793-6.ch002"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2021, March 04). What Is Cyberspace? Definition from WhatIs.com. Available online: https:\/\/whatis.techtarget.com\/definition\/cyberspace."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varga, P., Plosz, S., Soos, G., and Hegedus, C. (June, January 31). Security threats and issues in automation IoT. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 13th International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), Trondheim, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2017.7991968"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2020.3002492","article-title":"Behind COVID-19 Contact Trace Apps: The Google\u2013Apple Partnership","volume":"9","author":"Michael","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2021, March 05). New Technologies and Challenges for Personal Identity\u2014The Digital Health Society. Available online: https:\/\/thedigitalhealthsociety.com\/new-technologies-and-challenges-for-personal-identity\/."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review on Internet of Things (IoT)","volume":"113","author":"Farooq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2017.51010","article-title":"A Review of Security Concerns in Internet of Things","volume":"5","author":"Leloglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorri, A., Kanhere, S.S., Jurdak, R., and Gauravaram, P. (2017, January 13\u201317). Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: The case study of a smart home. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, PerCom Workshops 2017, Kona, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2017.7917634"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huh, S., Cho, S., and Kim, S. (2017, January 19\u201322). Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, ICACT, Phoenix Park, PyeongChang, Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890132"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Nawaf, L. (2021, March 15). Optimizing IoT Security by Implementing Artificial Intelligence\u2014Infosecurity Magazine. Available online: https:\/\/www.infosecurity-magazine.com\/next-gen-infosec\/optimizing-iot-ai\/."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawaf, L.F., Allen, S.M., and Rana, O. (2019). Optimizing Infrastructure Placement in Wireless Mesh Networks Using NSGA-II. 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 16th International Conference on Smart City and 4th International Conference on Data Science and Systems, HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS 2018, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS.2018.00271"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousefi, A., and Jameii, S.M. (2017, January 19\u201320). Improving the security of internet of things using encryption algorithms. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on IoT and Its Applications (ICIOT 2017), Nagapattinam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIOTA.2017.8073627"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"C. M. & S. Department for Digital (2021, February 26). Code of Practice for Consumer IoT Security\u2014GOV.UK, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/code-of-practice-for-consumer-iot-security\/code-of-practice-for-consumer-iot-security."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"National Telecommunications and Information Administration (2021, February 26). Communicating IoT Device Security Update Capability to Improve Transparency for Consumers, Available online: https:\/\/www.consumer.ftc.gov\/topics\/online-security."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"TISAX Association (2021). Trusted Information Security Assessment Exchange, ENX Association."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"IET, and NCSC (2021, April 21). Code of Practice: Cyber Security and Safety: IET. Available online: https:\/\/electrical.theiet.org\/guidance-codes-of-practice\/publications-by-category\/cyber-security\/code-of-practice-cyber-security-and-safety\/."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19080\/ETOAJ.2021.03.555622","article-title":"Opportunities, Challenges and Strategies for Integrating Cyber Security and Safety in Engineering Practice","volume":"3","author":"Hewage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. Open Access J."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/5\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:52:01Z","timestamp":1760161921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/5\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["fi13050105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi13050105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]}}}