{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:31:55Z","timestamp":1780572715848,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides a new perspective for the Internet of Things (IoT), since, with the separation of the control from the data planes, it is viable to optimise the traditional networks operation management. In particular, the SDN Controller has a global vision of the network of sensors\/actuators domain, allowing real-time network nodes and data flows reconfiguration. As a consequence, devices, usually facing limited communications and computing resources, are relieved of the route selection task in a distributed and, thus, suboptimal way. This paper proposes a SDN-IoT architecture, specifically focusing on the Controller design, which dynamically optimises in real time the end-to-end flows delivery. In particular, the dynamic routing policy adaptation is based on the real-time estimation of the network status and it allows jointly minimising the end-to-end latency and energy consumption and, consequently, to improve the network life time. The performance of the proposed approach is analysed in terms of the average latency, energy consumption and overhead, pointing out a better behaviour in comparison with the existing distributed approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13050113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T10:41:58Z","timestamp":1619606518000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Dynamic Control Architecture Based on Software Defined Networking for the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Bonanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0267-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5934-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romano","family":"Fantacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pierucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2016.20","article-title":"Reference Architectures for the Internet of Things","volume":"33","author":"Weyrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2016.102","article-title":"On Searching the Internet of Things: Requirements and Challenges","volume":"31","author":"Barnaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2015.43","article-title":"Internet of Things Perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Sriram","year":"2015","journal-title":"IT Prof."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600492CM","article-title":"EdgeIoT: Mobile Edge Computing for the Internet of Things","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900083","article-title":"Software Defined IoT Systems: Properties, State of the Art, and Future Research","volume":"26","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700714","article-title":"Securing Internet of Things with Software Defined Networking","volume":"56","author":"Kalkan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"18","article-title":"Connecting Fog and Cloud Computing","volume":"4","author":"Linthicum","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600541CM","article-title":"A Cloud to the Ground: The New Frontier of Intelligent and Autonomous Networks of Things","volume":"54","author":"Alippi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2997475","article-title":"Complementing IoT Services Through Software Defined Networking and Edge Computing: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"22","author":"Rafique","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2949629","article-title":"A Software-Defined IoT Device Management Framework for Edge and Cloud Computing","volume":"7","author":"Mavromatis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6359","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3034350","article-title":"Enterprise Integration Patterns in SDN: A Reliable, Fault-Tolerant Communication Framework","volume":"8","author":"Rauf","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2767608","article-title":"Future Edge Cloud and Edge Computing for Internet of Things Applications","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.176","article-title":"Mobile Mist Computing for the Internet of Vehicles","volume":"3","author":"Bonanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2497312","article-title":"Green Internet of Things for Smart World","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2014.6882292","article-title":"Green multimedia wireless sensor networks: Distributed intelligent data fusion, in-network processing, and optimized resource management","volume":"21","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiti, F., Fantacci, R., and Pierucci, L. (2019). Energy Efficient Communications for Reliable IoT Multicast 5G\/Satellite Services. Future Internet, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11080164"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-020-00488-2","article-title":"Internet of Things Management Based on Software Defined Networking: A Survey","volume":"27","author":"Bekri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2746186","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking for Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Bera","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayyaba, S.K., Shah, M.A., Khan, O.A., and Ahmed, A.W. (2017, January 19\u201320). Software Defined Network (SDN) Based Internet of Things (IoT): A Road Ahead. Proceedings of the International Conference on Future Networks and Distributed Systems, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3102304.3102319"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9378120","DOI":"10.1177\/155014779378120","article-title":"QoS-Aware Routing Mechanism in OpenFlow-Enabled Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2326417","article-title":"A Survey on Software-Defined Network and OpenFlow: From Concept to Implementation","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4309","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4309","article-title":"An SDN approach to route massive data flows of sensor networks","volume":"33","author":"Flauzac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.11.033","article-title":"Software defined networking approach based efficient routing in multihop and relay surveillance using Lion Optimization algorithm","volume":"150","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., and Hussain, D. (2018). SD-EAR: Energy Aware Routing in Software Defined Wireless Sensor Networks. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8071013"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradeepa, R., and Pushpalatha, M. (2016, January 23\u201325). SDN enabled SPIN routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2016.7566211"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafique, A., Cao, G., Aslam, M., Asad, M., and Ye, D. (2020). Application-Aware SDN-Based Iterative Reconfigurable Routing Protocol for Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123521"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2017.0099","article-title":"Energy-efficient modified LEACH protocol for IoT application","volume":"8","author":"Behera","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.05.010","article-title":"A biologically-inspired clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Selvakennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, C., Wu, M., Hsu, W., and Chen, C. (2020). Discover the Optimal IoT Packets Routing Path of Software-Defined Network via Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm. Wireless Internet. WiCON 2019. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52988-8_13"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7393","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2585019","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9449","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2869629","article-title":"A Green Routing Algorithm for IoT-Enabled Software Defined Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Janabi, T.A., and Al-Raweshidy, H.S. (2017, January 28\u201330). Efficient whale optimisation algorithm-based SDN clustering for IoT focused on node density. Proceedings of the 2017 16th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net), Budva, Montenegro.","DOI":"10.1109\/MedHocNet.2017.8001651"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galluccio, L., Milardo, S., Morabito, G., and Palazzo, S. (May, January 26). SDN-WISE: Design, prototyping and experimentation of a stateful SDN solution for WIreless SEnsor networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218418"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2805191","article-title":"Toward Unified Control of Networks of Switches and Sensors Through a Network Operating System","volume":"5","author":"Anadiotis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Jain, R., Chiu, D., and Hawe, W. (2021, April 27). A Quantitative Measure of Fairness and Discrimination for Resource Allocation in Shared Computer System. Available online: https:\/\/www.cs.wustl.edu\/~jain\/papers\/ftp\/fairness.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729680","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/729680","article-title":"A balanced power consumption algorithm based on enhanced parallel cat swarm optimization for wireless sensor network","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.11.052","article-title":"An endocrine cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm for routing recovery problem of wireless sensor networks with multiple mobile sinks","volume":"300","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/5\/113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:54:43Z","timestamp":1760162083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/5\/113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["fi13050113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi13050113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]}}}