{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:54:11Z","timestamp":1775145251483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The race for the 6th generation of wireless networks (6G) has begun. Researchers around the world have started to explore the best solutions for the challenges that the previous generations have experienced. To provide the readers with a clear map of the current developments, several review papers shared their vision and critically evaluated the state of the art. However, most of the work is based on general observations and the big picture vision, and lack the practical implementation challenges of the Internet of Things (IoT) use cases. This paper takes a novel approach in the review, as we present a sample of IoT use cases that are representative of a wide variety of its implementations. The chosen use cases are from the most research-active sectors that can benefit from 6G and its enabling technologies. These sectors are healthcare, smart grid, transport, and Industry 4.0. Additionally, we identified some of the practical challenges and the lessons learned in the implementation of these use cases. The review highlights the cases\u2019 main requirements and how they overlap with the key drivers for the future generation of wireless networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13060159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["6G Opportunities Arising from Internet of Things Use Cases: A Review Paper"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9126-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basel","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5232-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1988-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiste","family":"Steponenaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2071-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuja","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Langdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian J.","family":"Wassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, William Gates Building, 15 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7097-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qammer H.","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simeon","family":"Keates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chichester, Chichester PO169 6PE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ITU FG-Net-2030 (2020). Network 2030 (A Blueprint of Technology, Applications and Market Drivers Towards the Year 2030 and Beyond Written). ITU Web Site, 1, 19."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tataria, H., Shafi, M., Molisch, A.F., Dohler, M., Sj\u00f6land, H., and Tufvesson, F. (2021, June 12). 6G Wireless Systems: Vision, Requirements, Challenges, Insights, and Opportunities. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2008.03213.pdf.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3061701"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2525398","article-title":"5G-enabled tactile internet","volume":"34","author":"Simsek","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2878265","article-title":"The tactile internet for industries: A review","volume":"107","author":"Aijaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","article-title":"The internet of things: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Atzori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/17445760.2019.1649402","article-title":"Modelling IoT devices communication employing representative operation modes to reveal traffic generation characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Barakat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parallel Emergent Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2755378","article-title":"Everything You Wanted to Know about Smart Health Care: Evaluating the Different Technologies and Components of the Internet of Things for Better Health","volume":"7","author":"Sundaravadivel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"468","article-title":"Last-meter smart grid embedded in an Internet-of-Things platform","volume":"6","author":"Niccolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perallos, A., Hernandez-Jayo, U., Onieva, E., and Garc\u00ef, I.J. (2015). Intelligent Transport Systems: Technologies and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118894774"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Statista Research Department (2016). Number of IoT Devices 2015\u20132025, Statista."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat, B., and Arshad, K. (2015, January 15\u201317). Energy efficient scheduling in LTE-advanced for Machine Type Communication. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference and Workshop on Computing and Communication (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2015.7344443"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133995","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010896","article-title":"6G and Beyond: The Future of Wireless Communications Systems","volume":"8","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900411","article-title":"Toward 6G Networks: Use Cases and Technologies","volume":"58","author":"Giordani","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-2955-6","article-title":"Towards 6G wireless communication networks: Vision, enabling technologies, and new paradigm shifts","volume":"64","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3010270","article-title":"6G Wireless Communication Systems: Applications, Research Directions","volume":"1","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsharif, M.H., Kelechi, A.H., Albreem, M.A., Chaudhry, S.A., Zia, M.S., and Kim, S. (2020). Sixth Generation (6G) Wireless Networks: Vision, Research Activities, Challenges and Potential Solutions. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12040676"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"957","article-title":"6G Wireless Communication Systems: Applications","volume":"1","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmeadawy, S., and Shubair, R.M. (2019, January 19\u201321). 6G Wireless Communications: Future Technologies and Research Challenges. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA), Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECTA48151.2019.8959607"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2019.2933971","article-title":"RF Sensing Technologies for Assisted Daily Living in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"34","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7010512","article-title":"A smart communication architecture for ambient assisted living","volume":"53","author":"Lloret","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26521","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2775180","article-title":"Internet of Things for Smart Healthcare: Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/app7111176","article-title":"Smart healthcare","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucchi, L., Jayousi, S., Caputo, S., Paoletti, E., Zoppi, P., Geli, S., and Dioniso, P. (2020, January 17\u201320). How 6G Technology Can Change the Future Wireless Healthcare. Proceedings of the 2020 2nd 6G Wireless Summit (6G SUMMIT), Levi, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/6GSUMMIT49458.2020.9083916"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, S., Chen, Z., Zheng, T., and Luo, J. (2020, January 16\u201319). RF-net: A unified meta-learning framework for RF-enabled one-shot human activity recognition. Proceedings of the SenSys 2020\u2014Proceedings of the 2020 18th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3384419.3430735"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, W., Shah, S.A., Dashtipour, K., Zahid, A., Abbasi, Q.H., and Imran, M.A. (2020). An intelligent non-invasive real-time human activity recognition system for next-generation healthcare. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092653"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9841","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2927536","article-title":"RF-Based noncontact respiratory rate monitoring with parametric spectral estimation","volume":"19","author":"Uysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"On CSI-Based Vital Sign Monitoring Using Commodity WiFi","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitz, J., Bartsch, F., Hernandez, M., and Mathar, R. (2017, January 21\u201325). Distributed software defined radio testbed for real-time emitter localization and tracking. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962829"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, X., Chen, Y., and Liu, K.J.R. (2016). High Accuracy Indoor Localization: A Wifi-Based Approach, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472878"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2810307","article-title":"Accurate Location Tracking from CSI-Based Passive Device-Free Probabilistic Fingerprinting","volume":"67","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Chuo, L.X., Suri, K., Liu, L., Zheng, H., and Kim, H.S. (2019). ILPS: Local Positioning System with Simultaneous Localization and Wireless Communication, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737569"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coluccia, A., Parisi, G., and Fascista, A. (2020). Detection and Classification of Multirotor Drones in Radar Sensor Networks: A Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154172"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2917375","article-title":"Human Activity Detection and Coarse Localization Outdoors Using Micro-Doppler Signatures","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashleibta, A.M., Zahid, A., Shah, S.A., Abbasi, Q.H., and Imran, M.A. (2020). Flexible and scalable software defined radio based testbed for large scale body movement. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091354"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"QUEST(2020) (2021, May 14). Future of Smart Health-Care. Available online: https:\/\/healthcare-quest.com\/research."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"University of Glasgow (2021, June 12). University News\u2014\u00a35.5 m Funding Boost for Home Healthcare Monitoring Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.gla.ac.uk\/news\/headline_739038_en.html."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Gruteser, M., Yang, J., and Liu, H. (2014, January 7\u201311). E-eyes: Device-free location-oriented activity identification using fine-grained wifi signatures. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639143"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3310194","article-title":"WiFi sensing with channel state information: A survey","volume":"52","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERB10022206","article-title":"Through-the-wall detection of stationary human targets using Doppler radar","volume":"20","author":"Narayanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, L., Guo, L., Fang, J., Lu, B., and Zhou, W. (2017, January 12\u201315). A research on CSI-based human motion detection in complex scenarios. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2017.8210800"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2021.9387701","article-title":"A Promising Technology for 6G Wireless Networks: Intelligent Reflecting Surface","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Commun. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Cui, T.J., Zoha, A., Li, L., Shah, S.A., Alomainy, A., Imran, M.A., and Abbasi, Q.H. (2020). Revolutionizing Future Healthcare using Wireless on the Walls (WoW). arXiv."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2017). What Is My Life Expectancy? And How Might It Change?, Office for National Statistics."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 12). Blindness and Vision Impairment. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/blindness-and-visual-impairment."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2836-0","article-title":"The economic impact of sight loss and blindness in the UK adult population","volume":"18","author":"Pezzullo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"United Nations (2021, June 12). World Population Ageing. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/sites\/www.un.org.development.desa.pd\/files\/undesa_pd-2020_world_population_ageing_highlights.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624020-00007","article-title":"Evaluation of non-medical costs associated with visual impairment in four European countries","volume":"24","author":"Lafuma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.09.116","article-title":"Deep learning for visual understanding: A review","volume":"187","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat, B., Steponenaite, A., Lall, G.S., Arshad, K., Wassell, I.J., and Keates, S. (2020). Assistive technology for the visually impaired: Optimizing frame rate (freshness) to improve the performance of real-time objects detection application. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49108-6_34"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.Y., Maire, M., Belongie, S., Hays, J., Perona, P., Ramanan, D., Doll\u00e1r, P., and Zitnick, C.L. (2014). Microsoft coco: Common objects in context. European Conference on Computer Vision, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_48"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Redmon, J., and Farhadi, A. (2018). Yolov3: An incremental improvement. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., and Modiano, E. (2015, January 14\u201319). Optimizing age-of-information in a multi-class queueing system. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2015.7282742"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2016.2533395","article-title":"On the age of information in status update systems with packet management","volume":"62","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Barakat, B., Yassine, H., Keates, S., Wassell, I., and Arshad, K. (2019, January 2\u20134). How to measure the average and peak age of information in real networks? European Wireless 2019. Proceedings of the 25th European Wireless Conference, VDE, Aarhus, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2907935","article-title":"Is the zero-wait policy always optimum for information freshness (peak age) or throughput?","volume":"23","author":"Barakat","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"GitHub (2021, June 12). Cokelaer\/Fitter: Fit data to many distributions. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/cokelaer\/fitter."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Bertsekas, D.P., Gallager, R.G., and Humblet, P. (1992). Data Networks, Prentice-Hall International."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat, B., Keates, S., Wassell, I., and Arshad, K. (2019). Adaptive status arrivals policy (ASAP) delivering fresh information (Minimise Peak Age) in real world scenarios. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23563-5_33"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"DBEIS (2019). UK Becomes First Major Economy to Pass Net Zero Emissions Law\u2014GOV.UK."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-019-09777-z","article-title":"The use of apps to promote energy saving: A study of smart meter\u2013related feedback in the Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Geelen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.07.071","article-title":"A persuasive feedback support system for energy conservation and carbon emission reduction in campus residential buildings","volume":"82","author":"Emeakaroha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1108\/14676370710717562","article-title":"Dormitory residents reduce electricity consumption when exposed to real-time visual feedback and incentives","volume":"8","author":"Petersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.03.086","article-title":"Determinants of residential electricity consumption: Using smart meter data to examine the effect of climate, building characteristics, appliance stock, and occupants\u2019 behavior","volume":"55","author":"Kavousian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"11","article-title":"Promoting Energy Efficient Behaviors in the Home through Feedback: The Role of Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"4","author":"Froehlich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. HCIC Workshop"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"60","article-title":"How to monitor people \u2019smartly\u2019 to help reducing energy consumption in buildings?","volume":"10","author":"Spataru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archit. Eng. Des. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5334\/fce.46","article-title":"Reduction of Electricity Costs in Medway NHS by Inducing Pro-Environmental Behaviour Using Persuasive Technology","volume":"4","author":"Taha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Cities Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-019-0088-9","article-title":"Designing an integrated socio-technical behaviour change system for energy saving","volume":"2","author":"Koroleva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Inform."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.04.048","article-title":"Technical and governance considerations for advanced metering infrastructure\/smart meters: Technology, security, uncertainty, costs, benefits, and risks","volume":"59","author":"McHenry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinagre, E., De Paz, J.F., Pinto, T., Vale, Z., Corchado, J.M., and Garcia, O. (2017). Intelligent energy forecasting based on the correlation between solar radiation and consumption patterns. IEEE Symp. Ser. Comput. Intell.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI.2016.7849853"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, E. (2018). Energy forecasting based on predictive data mining techniques in smart energy grids. Energy Inform., 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-018-0048-9"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Bolton, P., Barber, S., and Hinson, S. (2019). Energy Smart Meters, UK Parliament. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, C., and Li, Y. (2011, January 9\u201311). Design of energy consumption monitoring and energy-saving management system of intelligent building based on the Internet of things. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control, ICECC 2011\u2014Proceedings, Ningbo, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECC.2011.6066758"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartman, W.T., Hansen, A., Vasquez, E., El-Tawab, S., and Altaii, K. (2018, January 27). Energy monitoring and control using Internet of Things (IoT) system. Proceedings of the Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium, SIEDS, Charlottesville, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIEDS.2018.8374723"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106772","article-title":"An internet of things-based smart energy meter for monitoring device-level consumption of energy","volume":"87","author":"Muralidhara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motlagh, N.H., Mohammadrezaei, M., Hunt, J., and Zakeri, B. (2020). Internet of things (IoT) and the energy sector. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13020494"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivaraman, N., Saki, S., Liu, Z., Ramanathan, S., Easwaran, A., and Steinhorst, S. (2020, January 9\u201313). Real-Time Energy Monitoring in IoT-enabled Mobile Devices. Proceedings of the 2020 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition, DATE 2020, Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE48585.2020.9116577"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Joseph, A., Paynter, W., and Thomson, J. (2021, June 12). High-Resolution Residential Electricity Use Data for Improved Realism in Building Energy Simulations. Available online: http:\/\/www.ibpsa.org\/proceedings\/eSimPapers\/2016\/19-100-eSim2016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fogg, B.J. (2009, January 26\u201329). A Behavior Model for Persuasive Design. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology, Claremont, CA, USA. Persuasive \u201909.","DOI":"10.1145\/1541948.1541999"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113972","article-title":"5G network-based Internet of Things for demand response in smart grid: A survey on application potential","volume":"257","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166959","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.11-11-2020.166959","article-title":"6G Communication: Envisioning the Key Issues and Challenges","volume":"6","author":"Nayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans. Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"11","article-title":"SS symmetry and Potential Solutions","volume":"12","author":"Alsharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh, C.K., Sanguesa, J.A., Cano, J.C., and Martinez, F.J. (2020). Advances in smart roads for future smart cities. Proc. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 476.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2019.0439"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkosantini, S., and Darmoul, S. (2013). Intelligent public transportation systems: A review of architectures and enabling technologies. Int. Conf. Adv. Logist. Transp., 233\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAdLT.2013.6568465"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Taxonomy, S. (2014). Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures5070053","article-title":"An Overview on the Current Status and Future Perspectives of Smart Cars","volume":"5","author":"Arena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infrastructures"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2971482","article-title":"Connected car: Technologies, issues, future trends","volume":"49","author":"Coppola","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2440103","article-title":"Heterogeneous vehicular networking: A survey on architecture, challenges, and solutions","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2637938","article-title":"Signal processing challenges in cellular-assisted vehicular communications: Efforts and developments within 3GPP LTE and beyond","volume":"34","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seredynski, M., and Viti, F. (2016, January 1\u20134). A survey of cooperative ITS for next generation public transport systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795714"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Ahmad, B.I., Langdon, P.M., Godsill, S.J., Delgado, M., and Popham, T. (2017). If and when a driver or passenger is returning to vehicle: Framework to infer intent and arrival time. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, B.I., Langdon, P.M., and Godsill, S.J. (2018, January 10\u201313). A Meta-Tracking Approach for Predicting the Driver or Passenger Intent. Proceedings of the 2018 21st International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICIF.2018.8455768"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, B.I., Langdon, P.M., and Godsill, S.J. (2019, January 12\u201317). A Bayesian Framework for Intent Prediction in Object Tracking. Proceedings of the ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing\u2014Proceedings, Brighton, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682603"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Bishop, C.M. (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convergent communication, sensing and localization in 6G systems: An overview of technologies, opportunities and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Belot","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Downlink Single-Snapshot Localization and Mapping with a Single-Antenna Receiver","volume":"1","author":"Fascista","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8977","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2631152","article-title":"Mobile services for customization manufacturing systems: An example of industry 4.0","volume":"4","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s40436-017-0204-7","article-title":"Industry 4.0: A way from mass customization to mass personalization production","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.01.004","article-title":"Industry 4.0 technologies: Implementation patterns in manufacturing companies","volume":"210","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Industry 4.0 and how smart sensors make the difference","volume":"9","author":"Engines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Luettu"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilchrist, A. (2016). Industry 4.0: The Industrial Internet of Things, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-2047-4_12"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.14488\/BJOPM.2019.v16.n2.a3","article-title":"Understanding Industry 4.0: Definitions and insights from a cognitive map analysis","volume":"16","author":"Benitez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital in industry: From buzzword to value creation","volume":"2","author":"Caylar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mckinsey Company. Digit. Mckinsey"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03942-5","article-title":"Current and future Industry 4.0 capabilities for information and knowledge sharing","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Laura, L., Clayton, O., Jeremy, S., and Kate, S. (2020). How COVID-19 Has Pushed Companies over the Technology Tipping Point and Transformed Business Forever, McKinsey Company."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Firm, D.D.L. (2021, June 12). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: At the Intersection of Readiness and Responsibility. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/deloitte\/2020\/01\/20\/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-at-the-intersection-of-readiness-and-responsibility\/?sh=317e458be9b0."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55419","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2871724","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for cloud-assisted smart factory","volume":"6","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"McWhinnie, J., Goh, K., Yu, H., and Samson, R. (2020). Robotics and Flexible Manufacture Laboratory, Edinburgh Napier University, School of Engineering and the Built Environment (SEBE)."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"(2021, June 12). LabVolt Series by Festo Didactic\u2014Contactor (3127-20). Available online: https:\/\/labvolt.festo.com\/solutions\/6_electricity_and_new_energy\/50-3127-20_contactor."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2017.2649104","article-title":"The future of industrial communication: Automation networks in the era of the internet of things and industry 4.0","volume":"11","author":"Wollschlaeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawra, L.M., Mansour, H.A., and Messiha, N.W. (2019, January 19\u201321). Migration of Legacy Industrial Automation Systems in the Context of Industry 4.0-A Comparative Study. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Fourth Industrial Revolution (ICFIR), Manama, Bahrain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFIR.2019.8894776"},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Johnson, E. (1966, January 21\u201325). Physical limitations on frequency and power parameters of transistors. Proceedings of the 1958 IRE International Convention Record, New York City, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2020.3034648","article-title":"Implementation Challenges and Opportunities in Beyond-5G and 6G Communication","volume":"1","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Microwaves"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/6\/159\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:18:13Z","timestamp":1760163493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/6\/159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fi13060159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi13060159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]}}}