{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:12:48Z","timestamp":1760235168736,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Education 4.0 is looking to prepare future scientists and engineers not only by granting them with knowledge and skills but also by giving them the ability to apply them to solve real life problems through the implementation of disruptive technologies. As a consequence, there is a growing demand for educational material that introduces science and engineering students to technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces (BCI). Thus, our contribution towards the development of this material is to create a test bench for BCI given the basis and analysis on how they can be discriminated against. This is shown using different AI methods: Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), allowing students to see how input changes alter their performance. These tests were done against a two-class Motor Image database. First, using a large frequency band and no filtering eye movement. Secondly, the band was reduced and the eye movement was filtered. The accuracy was analyzed obtaining values around 70\u223c80% for all methods, excluding SVM and SOM mapping. Accuracy and mapping differentiability increased for some subjects for the second scenario 70\u223c85%, meaning either their band with the most significant information is on that limited space or the contamination because of eye movement was better mitigated by the regression method. This can be translated to saying that these methods work better under limited spaces. The outcome of this work is useful to show future scientists and engineers how BCI experiments are conducted while teaching them the basics of some AI techniques that can be used in this and other several experiments that can be carried on the framework of Education 4.0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13080202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T08:16:39Z","timestamp":1627978599000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Education 4.0: Teaching the Basis of Motor Imagery Classification Algorithms for Brain-Computer Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7630-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Balderas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey National Department of Research, Puente 222, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey National Department of Research, Puente 222, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3358-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Lopez-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey National Department of Research, Puente 222, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5461-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey National Department of Research, Puente 222, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Education 4.0 made simple: Ideas for teaching","volume":"6","author":"Hussin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Lit. Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Diwan, P. (2021, July 29). Is Education 4.0 an imperative for success of 4th Industrial Revolution?. Available online: https:\/\/pdiwan.medium.com\/is-education-4-0-an-imperative-for-success-of-4th-industrial-revolution-50c31451e8a4."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez-Mendoza, R.A., Morales-Menendez, R., Iqbal, H., and Parra-Saldivar, R. (2018, January 18\u201320). Engineering Education 4.0:\u2014Proposal for a new Curricula. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Islands, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363376"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prieto, M.D., Sobrino, \u00c1.F., Soto, L.R., Romero, D., Biosca, P.F., and Mart\u00ednez, L.R. (2019, January 10\u201313). Active learning based laboratory towards engineering education 4.0. Proceedings of the 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Zaragoza, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2019.8869509"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prestopnik, N., and Zhang, P. (2015). Human\u2013Computer Interaction (HCI): Interactivity, Immersion, and Invisibility as New Extensions. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118785317.weom070023"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2016.04.001","article-title":"Human\u2013computer interaction, foundations and new paradigms","volume":"42","author":"Dix","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Lang. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez, J., and Murphy, R.R. (2012, January 9\u201313). Hand gesture recognition with depth images: A review. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE RO-MAN: The 21st IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2012.6343787"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703700","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703700","article-title":"Large-area all-textile pressure sensors for monitoring human motion and physiological signals","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2012.05.006","article-title":"Assistive robot application based on an {RFID} control architecture and a wireless {EOG} interface","volume":"60","author":"Ianez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119837506","article-title":"Traffic signal phasing problem-solving rationales of professional engineers developed from eye-tracking and clinical interviews","volume":"2673","author":"Gestson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"42","article-title":"Literature review on automatic speech recognition","volume":"41","author":"Ghai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12156","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12156","article-title":"Incorporating android conversational agents in m-learning apps","volume":"34","author":"Griol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11076","article-title":"Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm","volume":"485","author":"Hochberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201211","article-title":"Brain computer interfaces, a review","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118976005.ch43","article-title":"An HCI Approach in Contemporary Healthcare and (Re) habilitation","volume":"2","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiley Handb. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2068059","article-title":"Design and Implementation of a P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface for Controlling an Internet Browser","volume":"18","author":"Mugler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.11.018","article-title":"Review of control algorithms for robotic ankle systems in lower-limb orthoses, prostheses, and exoskeletons","volume":"34","author":"Verlinden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allison, B.Z., Dunne, S., Leeb, R., Millan, J.D.R., and Nijholt, A. (2013). Combining BCI with Virtual Reality: Towards New Applications and Improved BCI. Towards Practical Brain-Computer Interfaces, Springer. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29746-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700030","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700030","article-title":"Damage, healing, and remodeling in optogenetic skeletal muscle bioactuators","volume":"6","author":"Raman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-3","article-title":"A survey on robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Maciejasz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1109\/86.847808","article-title":"The Mental Prosthesis: Assessing the speed of a P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface","volume":"8","author":"Donchin","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.936774","article-title":"Brain-computer interfacing: More than the sum of its parts","volume":"27","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2013.2265378","article-title":"Enhanced computer vision with microsoft kinect sensor. A review","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.09.027","article-title":"Playbionic: Game-based interventions to encourage patient engagement and performance in prosthetic motor rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Prahm","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacko, J.A. (2012). Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b11963"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Lotte, F. (2009). Study of Electroencephalographic Signal Proccessing and Classification Techniques Towards the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces in Virtual Reality Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, Intitute National des Sciences Appliquees de Rennes]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.03.035","article-title":"Long-Term Independent Brain-Computer Interface Home Use Improves Quality of Life of a Patient in the Locked-In State: A Case Study","volume":"96","author":"Holz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, D.N., Van Le, C., Tromp, J.G., and Nguyen, G.N. (2018). Emerging Technologies for Health and Medicine: Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Robotics, Industry 4.0, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119509875"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1969660","article-title":"The structure of scientific revolutions","volume":"31","author":"Kuhn","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2015.06.005","article-title":"Living labs and co-production: University campuses as platforms for sustainability science","volume":"16","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20263","article-title":"Design by taking perspectives: How engineers explore problems","volume":"108","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, S.M. (2020). Technology infusion in K-12 classrooms: A retrospective look at three decades of challenges and advancements in research and practice. Educational Technology Research and Development, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-020-09756-7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117748416","article-title":"Effects of technology in mathematics on achievement, motivation, and attitude: A meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Higgins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, A. (2019). An STSE (Science, Technology, Society, Environment) Approach for Teaching Ethics in Science\u2014Case Narrative of an Undergrad Teacher. Ethics in Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9009-9_8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-019-04217-5","article-title":"Simulations versus case studies: Effectively teaching the premises of sustainable development in the classroom","volume":"161","author":"Prado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-019-09771-1","article-title":"Using Technology-Enhanced Inquiry-Based Instruction to Foster the Development of Elementary Students\u2019 Views on the Nature of Science","volume":"28","author":"Schellinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.906956","article-title":"Brain Computer Communication: Motivation, Aim, and Impact of Exploring a Virtual Apartment","volume":"15","author":"Leeb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponce, P., Molina, A., Balderas, D.C., and Grammatikou, D. (2014). Brain computer interfaces for cerebral palsy. Cerebral Palsy-Challenges for the Future, Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/46001.","DOI":"10.5772\/57084"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.048","article-title":"Single-trial analysis and classification of ERP components-A tutorial","volume":"56","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3700.1187","article-title":"Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty","volume":"150","author":"Sutton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90149-6","article-title":"Talking off the top of your head: Toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials","volume":"70","author":"Farwell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farwell, L., and Smith, S.S. (2001). Using Brain MERMER Testing to Detect Knowledge Despite Efforts to Conceal. J. Forensic Sci., 135\u2013143.","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14925J"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farwell, L., Richardson, D., and Richardson, G. (2012). Brain fingerprinting field studies comparing P300-MERMER and P300 brainwave responses in the detection of concealed information. Cogn. Neurodyn., 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-012-9230-0"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.121","article-title":"Towards an independent brain\u2013computer interface using steady state visual evoked potentials","volume":"119","author":"Allison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization:basic principles","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.014","article-title":"Imagery of motor actions: Differential effects of kinesthetic and visual-motor mode of imagery in single-trial EEG","volume":"25","author":"Neuper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411918755828","article-title":"A review: Motor rehabilitation after stroke with control based on human intent","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.22405","article-title":"Classification of motor imagery electroencephalography signals using continuous small convolutional neural network","volume":"30","author":"Rong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/86.847812","article-title":"The thought translation device (TTD) for completely paralyzed patients","volume":"8","author":"Birbaumer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rehabil. Eng. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.004","article-title":"Introduction to machine learning for brain imaging","volume":"56","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fundamentals of EEG measurement","volume":"2","author":"Teplan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278775","article-title":"Neuropsychological and neurophysiological aspects of brain-computer-interface (BCI) control in paralysis","volume":"599","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohonen, T. (2001). Self-Organizing Maps, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56927-2"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Werbos, P. (1974). Beyond Regression: New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences. [Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University]."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Hinton, G.E., and Sejmowski, T.J. (1983, January 19\u201323). Optimal Perceptual Interface. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Washington, DC, USA. Available online: https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/~ngoodman\/Hinton_Sejnowski_OptimalPerceptualDifference_1983.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Hinton, G.E. (2021, July 29). A Practical Guide to Training Restricted Boltzmann Machines. Available online: http:\/\/www.cs.toronto.edu\/~hinton\/absps\/guideTR.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(01)00324-6","article-title":"A comparison of self-organizing map algorithm and some conventional statistical methods for ecological community ordination","volume":"146","author":"Giraudel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Kaski, S. (2021, July 29). Data Exploration Using Self-Organizing Maps. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.30.4343."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Seiffert, U. (2013). Self-Organizing Neural Networks: Recent Advances and Applications, Physica."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., and Tibshirani, R. (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7138-7"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"3133","article-title":"Do we need hundreds of classifiers to solve real world classification problems","volume":"15","author":"Cernadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00002-9","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of using artificial neural networks versus logistic regression for predicting medical outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Tu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00201-3","article-title":"Artificial neural networks: Fundamentals, computing, design, and application","volume":"43","author":"Basheer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anguita, D., Ghio, A., Greco, N., Oneto, L., and Ridella, S. (2010, January 18\u201323). Model selection for support vector machines: Advantages and disadvantages of the machine learning theory. Proceedings of the 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2010.5596450"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamizadeh, S., Abdullah, S.M., Halimi, M., Shayan, J., and javad Rajabi, M. (2014, January 2\u20134). Advantage and drawback of support vector machine functionality. Proceedings of the Computer, Communications, and Control Technology (I4CT), Langkawi Island, Kedah, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/I4CT.2014.6914146"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2079","article-title":"On over-fitting in model selection and subsequent selection bias in performance evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Cawley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larochelle, H., and Bengio, Y. (2008, January 25\u201329). Classification using discriminative restricted Boltzmann machines. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning, ACM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390224"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"643","article-title":"Learning algorithms for the classification restricted boltzmann machine","volume":"13","author":"Larochelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/86.895946","article-title":"Optimal spatial filtering of single trail EEG during imagined hand movement","volume":"8","author":"Ramoser","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(00)00055-1","article-title":"Removal of ocular artifact from the EEG: A review","volume":"30","author":"Croft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.09.003","article-title":"A fully automated correction method of {EOG} artifacts in {EEG} recordings","volume":"118","author":"Schlogl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00038-8","article-title":"Designing optimal spatial filters for single-trial EEG classification in a movement task","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827088","article-title":"Boosting bit rates in noninvasive EEG single-trial classifications by feature combination and multiclass paradigms","volume":"51","author":"Dornhege","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Wu, W., Gao, X., and Gao, S. (2005, January 1\u20134). One-versus-the-rest (OVR) algorithm: An extension of common spatial patterns (CSP) algorithm to multi-class case. Proceedings of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, Shanghai, China."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/8\/202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:39:33Z","timestamp":1760164773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/8\/202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["fi13080202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi13080202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]}}}