{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:15:50Z","timestamp":1782836150758,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Education 4.0 demands a flexible combination of digital literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving in educational settings linked to real-world scenarios. Haptic technology incorporates the sense of touch into a visual simulator to enrich the user\u2019s sensory experience, thus supporting a meaningful learning process. After developing several visuo-haptic simulators, our team identified serious difficulties and important challenges to achieve successful learning environments within the framework of Education 4.0. This paper presents the VIS-HAPT methodology for developing realistic visuo-haptic scenarios to promote the learning of science and physics concepts for engineering students. This methodology consists of four stages that integrate different aspects and processes leading to meaningful learning experiences for students. The different processes that must be carried out through the different stages, the difficulties to overcome and recommendations on how to face them are all described herein. The results are encouraging since a significant decrease (of approximately 40%) in the development and implementation times was obtained as compared with previous efforts. The quality of the visuo-haptic environments was also enhanced. Student perceptions of the benefits of using visuo-haptic simulators to enhance their understanding of physics concepts also improved after using the proposed methodology. The incorporation of haptic technologies in higher education settings will certainly foster better student performance in subsequent real environments related to Industry 4.0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13100255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T09:24:04Z","timestamp":1633598644000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["VIS-HAPT: A Methodology Proposal to Develop Visuo-Haptic Environments in Education 4.0"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6000-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Noguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7892-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Robledo-Rella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8362-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Garc\u00eda-Castel\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Gonzalez-Nucamendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6583-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Escobar-Castillejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Panamericana, Augusto Rodin 498, Mexico City 03920, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5461-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Retos de ingenier\u00eda: Enfoque educativo STEM+A en la revoluci\u00f3n industrial 4.0","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2021.107278","article-title":"The core components of education 4.0 in higher education: Three case studies in engineering education","volume":"93","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Montoya, M.S., Loaiza-Aguirre, M.I., Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Ojeda, A., and Portuguez-Castro, M. (2021). Characterization of the Teaching Profile within the Framework of Education 4.0. Future Internet, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0091.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639","article-title":"Grounded Cognition","volume":"59","author":"Barsalou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, L. (2019). Embodied Cognition, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315180380"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neri, L., Robledo-Rella, V., Garc\u00eda-Castel\u00e1n, R.M.G., Gonzalez-Nucamendi, A., Escobar-Castillejos, D., and Noguez, J. (2020). Visuo-Haptic Simulations to Understand the Dependence of Electric Forces on Distance. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207190"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01344-7_26","article-title":"Web-Based 3D and Haptic Interactive Environments for e-Learning, Simulation, and Training","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Web Information Systems and Technologies"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"185","article-title":"Kinesthetic Learning\u2014Haptic User Interfaces for Gyroscopic Precession Simulation","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Romana Interactiune Om-Calc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar-Castillejos, D., Noguez, J., C\u00e1rdenas-Ovando, R.A., Neri, L., Gonzalez-Nucamendi, A., and Robledo-Rella, V. (2020). Using Game Engines for Visuo-Haptic Learning Simulations. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10134553"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618803644","article-title":"Long-Term Memory for Haptically Explored Objects: Fidelity, Durability, Incidental Encoding, and Cross-Modal Transfer","volume":"29","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2007.339540","article-title":"The Potential of Haptics Technologies","volume":"10","author":"Saddik","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Girdler, A., and Georgiou, O. (2020). Mid-Air Haptics in Aviation\u2014Creating the sensation of touch where there is nothing but thin air. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729881417753928","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881417753928","article-title":"SutureHap: Use of a physics engine to enable force feedback generation on deformable surfaces simulations","volume":"15","author":"Ricardez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review of Simulators with Haptic Devices for Medical Training","volume":"40","author":"Noguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar-Castillejos, D., Noguez, J., Bello, F., Neri, L., Magana, A.J., and Benes, B. (2020). A Review of Training and Guidance Systems in Medical Surgery. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175752"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.06.012","article-title":"Incorporating haptic feedback in simulation for learning physics","volume":"57","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"171","article-title":"Haptics technology in Educational Applications, a Case Study","volume":"2","author":"Pantelios","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Digit. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kami\u0144ska, D., Sapi\u0144ski, T., Wiak, S., Tikk, T., Haamer, R.E., Avots, E., Helmi, A., Ozcinar, C., and Anbarjafari, G. (2019). Virtual Reality and Its Applications in Education: Survey. Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/info10100318"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"553","article-title":"Improving Motivation in a Haptic Teaching\/Learning Framework","volume":"32","author":"Esteban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coe, P., Evreinov, G., Ziat, M., and Raisamo, R. (2021, January 8\u201310). Generating Localized Haptic Feedback over a Spherical Surface. Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.5220\/0010189800150024"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isokoski, P., and Springare, J. (2012). Feel the Static and Kinetic Friction. Haptics: Perception, Devices, Mobility, and Communication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31401-8"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"85","article-title":"Teaching Classical Mechanics Concepts using Visuo-haptic Simulators","volume":"21","author":"Neri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hamza-Lup, F.G., and Kocadag, F.A.L. (2019). Simulating Forces\u2014Learning Through Touch, Virtual Laboratories. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21698","article-title":"From feeling forces to understanding forces: The impact of bodily engagement on learning in science","volume":"58","author":"Zohar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Res. Sci. Teach."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multimodal, visuo-haptic games for abstract theory instruction: Grabbing charged particles","volume":"15","author":"Goldbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"8","article-title":"Exploring multimedia principles for supporting conceptual learning of electricity and magnetism with visuohaptic simulations","volume":"8","author":"Magana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.006","article-title":"Benefits of multisensory learning","volume":"12","author":"Shams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neri, L., Shaikh, U.A., Escobar-Castillejos, D., Magana, A.J., Noguez, J., and Benes, B. (2015, January 21\u201324). Improving the learning of physics concepts by using haptic devices. Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), El Paso, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2015.7344069"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0053-2","article-title":"Undergraduate students\u2019 conceptual interpretation and perceptions of haptic-enabled learning experiences","volume":"14","author":"Shaikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neri, L., Magana, A.J., Noguez, J., Walsh, Y., Gonzalez-Nucamendi, A., Robledo-Rella, V., and Benes, B. (2018, January 3\u20136). Visuo-haptic Simulations to Improve Students\u2019 Understanding of Friction Concepts. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2018.8658439"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-020-09829-5","article-title":"Investigating Students\u2019 Explanations about Friction Concepts after Interacting with a Visuohaptic Simulation with Two Different Sequenced Approaches","volume":"29","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2010.19","article-title":"The Role of Haptics in Medical Training Simulators: A Survey of the State of the Art","volume":"4","author":"Coles","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"HapticsHouse (2021, June 17). HapticsHouse.com\u2014Selling Falcon Haptic Controllers. Available online: https:\/\/hapticshouse.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Conti, F., Barbagli, F., Balaniuk, R., Halg, M., Lu, C., Morris, D., Sentis, L., Warren, J., Khatib, O., and Salisbury, K. (2003, January 6\u20139). The CHAI libraries. Proceedings of the Eurohaptics, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"87","article-title":"Software Metrics Validation Methodologies in Software Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Sampieri, H., and Mendoza Torres, C.P. (2018). Metodolog\u00eda de la Investigaci\u00f3n, McGraw-Hill. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1119\/1.18809","article-title":"Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses","volume":"66","author":"Hake","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"McLeod, S.A. (2021, June 17). What Does Effect Size Tell You? Simply Psychology. Available online: https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/effect-size.html\/."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/10\/255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:09:32Z","timestamp":1760166572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/10\/255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["fi13100255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi13100255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]}}}