{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:01Z","timestamp":1792789201442,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2020YFB1807700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1807700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater target recognition is an important supporting technology for the development of marine resources, which is mainly limited by the purity of feature extraction and the universality of recognition schemes. The low-frequency analysis and recording (LOFAR) spectrum is one of the key features of the underwater target, which can be used for feature extraction. However, the complex underwater environment noise and the extremely low signal-to-noise ratio of the target signal lead to breakpoints in the LOFAR spectrum, which seriously hinders the underwater target recognition. To overcome this issue and to further improve the recognition performance, we adopted a deep-learning approach for underwater target recognition, and a novel LOFAR spectrum enhancement (LSE)-based underwater target-recognition scheme was proposed, which consists of preprocessing, offline training, and online testing. In preprocessing, we specifically design a LOFAR spectrum enhancement based on multi-step decision algorithm to recover the breakpoints in LOFAR spectrum. In offline training, the enhanced LOFAR spectrum is adopted as the input of convolutional neural network (CNN) and a LOFAR-based CNN (LOFAR-CNN) for online recognition is developed. Taking advantage of the powerful capability of CNN in feature extraction, the recognition accuracy can be further improved by the proposed LOFAR-CNN. Finally, extensive simulation results demonstrate that the LOFAR-CNN network can achieve a recognition accuracy of 95.22%, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13100265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:36:15Z","timestamp":1634160975000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Underwater Target Recognition Based on Multi-Decision LOFAR Spectrum Enhancement: A Deep-Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2080-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7929-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xufeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3002073","article-title":"Deep learning-based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio: A CNN-LSTM approach","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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