{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:21:55Z","timestamp":1778498515471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3210305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3210305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Millennium Science Initiative Program \u2013 NCN17_129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Millennium Science Initiative Program \u2013 NCN17_129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Video delivery is exploiting 5G networks to enable higher server consolidation and deployment flexibility. Performance optimization is also a key target in such network systems. We present a multi-objective optimization framework for service function chain deployment in the particular context of Live-Streaming in virtualized content delivery networks using deep reinforcement learning. We use an Enhanced Exploration, Dense-reward mechanism over a Dueling Double Deep Q Network (E2-D4QN). Our model assumes to use network function virtualization at the container level. We carefully model processing times as a function of current resource utilization in data ingestion and streaming processes. We assess the performance of our algorithm under bounded network resource conditions to build a safe exploration strategy that enables the market entry of new bounded-budget vCDN players. Trace-driven simulations with real-world data reveal that our approach is the only one to adapt to the complexity of the particular context of Live-Video delivery concerning the state-of-art algorithms designed for general-case service function chain deployment. In particular, our simulation test revealed a substantial QoS\/QoE performance improvement in terms of session acceptance ratio against the compared algorithms while keeping operational costs within proper bounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13110278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1635805268000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Online Service Function Chain Deployment for Live-Streaming in Virtualized Content Delivery Networks: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Fernando","family":"Cevallos Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Automation and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto 25, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-7131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Databases and Information Systems, Humboldt University of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0125-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal P.","family":"Caulier Cisterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Imagen Biom\u00e9dica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3809-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Ricciardi Celsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELIS Innovation Hub, Via Sandro Sandri 45-81, 00159 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9269-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aminael","family":"S\u00e1nchez Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Systems Ecology and Evolution Hub, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9730-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Mecella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Automation and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto 25, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"749","article-title":"Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology 2016\u20132021","volume":"12","author":"Cisco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Complet. 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