{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:50:34Z","timestamp":1775148634016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud computing as a technology has the capacity to enhance cooperation, scalability, accessibility, and offers discount prospects using improved and effective computing, and this capability helps organizations to stay focused. Ontologies are used to model knowledge. Once knowledge is modeled, knowledge management systems can be used to search, match, visualize knowledge, and also infer new knowledge. Ontologies use semantic analysis to define information within an environment with interconnecting relationships between heterogeneous sets. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on ontology in cloud computing and defines the state of the art. We applied the systematic literature review (SLR) approach and identified 400 articles; 58 of the articles were selected after further selection based on set selection criteria, and 35 articles were considered relevant to the study. The study shows that four predominant areas of cloud computing\u2014cloud security, cloud interoperability, cloud resources and service description, and cloud services discovery and selection\u2014have attracted the attention of researchers as dominant areas where cloud ontologies have made great impact. The proposed methods in the literature applied 30 ontologies in the cloud domain, and five of the methods are still practiced in the legacy computing environment. From the analysis, it was found that several challenges exist, including those related to the application of ontologies to enhance business operations in the cloud and multi-cloud. Based on this review, the study summarizes some unresolved challenges and possible future directions for cloud ontology researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13120302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T05:23:02Z","timestamp":1638163382000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Ontologies in Cloud Computing\u2014Review and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"JohnBosco","family":"Agbaegbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State P.M.B 2240, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9338-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwasefunmi Tale","family":"Arogundade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State P.M.B 2240, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3556-9331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Communication, Ostfold University College, 3001 Halden, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Dama\u0161evi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Department, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mell, P., and Grance, T. (2021, October 29). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. Available online: http:\/\/faculty.winthrop.edu\/domanm\/csci411\/Handouts\/NIST.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s13174-010-0007-6","article-title":"Cloud computing: State-of-the-art and research challenges","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Internet. Serv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schmidt, E. (2021, October 29). Conversation with Eric Schmidt Hosted by Danny Sullivan. Search Engine Strategies Conference (2006). Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/press\/podium\/ses2006.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzys, R., Maskeliunas, R., Dama\u0161evi\u010dius, R., Sidekerskiene, T., Wo\u017aniak, M., and Wei, W. (2018). Cloudification of virtual reality gliding simulation game. Information, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/info9120293"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danevi\u010dius, E., Maskeliunas, R., Dama\u0161evi\u010dius, R., Po\u0142ap, D., and Wo\u017eniak, M. (2018). A soft body physics simulator with computational offloading to the cloud. Information, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/info9120318"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Qian, L., Luo, Z., Du, Y., and Guo, L. (2021, October 29). Cloud Computing: An Overview. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-642-10665-1_63#citeas."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Odun-Ayo, I., Misra, S., Omoregbe, N., Onibere, E., Bulama, Y., and Damasevi\u010dius, R. (2017, January 25\u201327). Cloud-based security driven human resource management system. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the Catalan Association for Artificial Intelligence, Deltebre, Terres de l\u2019Ebre, Spain."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.04.061","article-title":"Understanding cloud computing adoption issues: A Delphi study approach","volume":"118","author":"Hustad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Critical analysis of vendor lock-in and its impact on cloud computing migration: A business perspective","volume":"5","author":"Sahandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput. Adv. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odun-Ayo, I., Geteloma, V., Misra, S., Ahuja, R., and Damasevicius, R. (2020). Systematic mapping study of utility-driven platforms for clouds. Proc. Int. Conf. Emerg. Trends Inf. Technol., 762\u2013774.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30577-2_68"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Androcec, D., Vrcek, N., and Seva, J. (May, January 29). Cloud computing ontologies: A systematic review. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Models and Ontology-based Design of Protocols, Architectures and Services Cloud, Chamonix\/Mont Blanc, France."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2018.12.005","article-title":"Towards evaluation of cloud ontologies","volume":"126","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"18","article-title":"Security and compliance ontology for cloud service agreements","volume":"1","author":"Reimerink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloud Comput. Database Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"59","article-title":"Major Challenges Facing Cloud Migration","volume":"6","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Technol. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhu, J. (2021, October 29). Cloud Computing Technologies and Applications. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-6524-0_2."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Watts, S. (2021, October 29). SaaS vs PaaS vs IaaS: What\u2019s the Difference and How to Choose. Available online: https:\/\/www.bmc.com\/blogs\/saas-vs-paas-vs-iaas-whats-the-difference-and-how-to-choose."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillon, T., Wu, C., and Chang, E. (2010, January 20\u201323). Cloud Computing: Issues and Challenges. Proceedings of the 2010 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Perth, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2010.187"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gruber, T. (2021, October 29). \u201cWhat is Ontology?\u201d Encyclopedia of Database Systems 1. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referenceworkentry\/10.1007%2F978-0-387-39940-9_1318."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ontology as a Service (OaaS): A case for sub-ontology merging on the cloud","volume":"65","author":"Flahive","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfazi, A., Sheng, Q.Z., Qin, Y., and Noor, T.H. (2015, January 21\u201325). Ontology-Based Automatic Cloud Service Categorization for Enhancing Cloud Service Discovery. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 19th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, Adelaide, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDOC.2015.30"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tankelevi\u010diene, L., and Dama\u0161evi\u010dius, R. (2010, January 29\u201331). Towards the development of genuine intelligent ontology-based e-learning systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IS.2010.5548384"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J., and Sim, K.M. (2010, January 12\u201314). Ontology and search engine for cloud computing. Proceedings of the International Conference on System Science and Engineering, Yichang, Hubei, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSE.2011.5961913"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74322-6_12","article-title":"Ontology-Based Metamodeling","volume":"141","author":"Hinkelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Syst. Decis. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowunmi, O.Y., Misra, S., Omoregbe, N., Damasevicius, R., and Maskeli\u016bnas, R. (2018). A semantic web-based framework for information retrieval in E-learning systems. International Conference on Recent Developments in Science, Engineering and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8527-7_9"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Baliyan, N., and Verma, A. (2021, October 29). Recent Advances in the Evaluation of Ontology Quality. Available online: https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/chapter\/recent-advances-in-the-evaluation-of-ontology-quality\/215071."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Q., G\u00f6n\u00fcl, S., Kabak, Y., Gessa, N., Glachs, D., Gigante-Valencia, F., and Thoben, K.D. (2019). An ontology framework for multisided platform interoperability. Enterprise Interoperability VIII, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13693-2_36"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e1bor, A., K\u0151, A., Szab\u00f3, Z., and Feh\u00e9r, P. (2016). Corporate Knowledge Discovery and Organizational Learning: The Role, Importance, and Application of Semantic Business Process Management\u2014The ProKEX Case. Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28917-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolini, C., Calabr\u00f3, A., and Marchetti, E. (2019, January 7\u20139). GDPR and business processes. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applications of Intelligent Systems, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3309772.3309779"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Di Martino, B., Marino, A., Rak, M., and Pariso, P. (2021, October 29). Optimization and Validation of e-Government Business Processes with Support of Semantic Techniques. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-22354-0_76#citeas."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2016.01.001","article-title":"A process ontology based approach to easing semantic ambiguity in business process modeling","volume":"102","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-015-9558-1","article-title":"Normative requirements for regulatory compliance: An abstract formal framework","volume":"18","author":"Hashmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suri, K., Gaaloul, W., Cuccuru, A., and Gerard, S. (2017, January 21\u201323). Semantic Framework for Internet of Things-Aware Business Process Development. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 26th International Conference on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WETICE), Poznan, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/WETICE.2017.54"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"61","article-title":"Threat Modeling the Cloud: An Ontology Based Approach","volume":"11398","author":"Manzoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"143","article-title":"Towards ontological approach to eliciting risk-based security requirements","volume":"6","author":"Arogundade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"173","article-title":"ITAOFIR: IT asset ontology for information risk in knowledge economy and beyond","volume":"Volume 630","author":"Jahankhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science (Global Security, Safety and Sustainability-The Security Challenges of the Connected World)"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"39","article-title":"Toward Better Mapping between Regulations and Operational Details of Enterprises Using Vocabularies and Semantic Similarity","volume":"5","author":"Sunkle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complex Syst. Inform. Modeling Q. CSIMQ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-020-00985-w","article-title":"A systematic literature review on compliance requirements management of business processes","volume":"11","author":"Mustapha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2012-1_35","article-title":"A Multi-Agent-Based Framework for Cloud Service Description and Discovery Using Ontology","volume":"308","author":"Parhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intell. Comput. Commun. Devices"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subhani, N., and Kent, R.D. (2015, January 13\u201316). Continuous process auditing (CPA): An audit rule ontology based approach to audit-as-a-service. Proceedings of the 2015 Annual IEEE Systems Conference (SysCon) Proceedings, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSCON.2015.7116854"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11761-017-0224-y","article-title":"A multi-agent-based framework for cloud service discovery and selection using ontology","volume":"12","author":"Parhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Serv. Oriented Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.9734\/cjast\/2020\/v39i3431039","article-title":"Unified Ontology Implementation of Cloud Computing for Distributed Systems","volume":"39","author":"Ageed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1108\/ICS-02-2018-0020","article-title":"Ontology-based information security compliance determination and control selection on the example of ISO 27002","volume":"26","author":"Fenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGUC.2018.091715","article-title":"An ontology-based cloud infrastructure service discovery and selection system","volume":"9","author":"Parhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Grid Util. Comput."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, D.C., and Lim-Cheng, N.R. (2017, January 16\u201317). An ontology based framework to support multi-standard compliance for an enterprise. Proceedings of the International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRIIS.2017.8002514"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2016.09.013","article-title":"Fuzzy service conceptual ontology system for cloud service recommendation","volume":"69","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, D.C., Villamarin, J.B., Cu, G., and Lim-Cheng, N.R. (2018, January 13\u201315). Towards Compliance Management Automation thru Ontology mapping of Requirements to Activities and Controls. Proceedings of the 2018 Cyber Resilience Conference (CRC), Putrajaya, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CR.2018.8626817"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-016-9631-4","article-title":"Compliance management ontology\u2013a shared conceptualization for research and practice in compliance management","volume":"18","author":"Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Procedures for performing systematic reviews","volume":"33","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Keele UK Keele Univ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"29","article-title":"Ontologies for Platform as Service APIs Interoperability","volume":"16","author":"Androcec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cybern. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2017.11.001","article-title":"PaaSport semantic model: An ontology for a platform-as-a-service semantically interoperable marketplace","volume":"113","author":"Bassiliades","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148541","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3008964","article-title":"An Integrated Knowledge Graph to Automate Cloud Data Compliance","volume":"8","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.037","article-title":"CloudLaunch: Discover and deploy cloud applications","volume":"94","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ali, A., Shamsuddin, S.M., Eassa, F.E., and Mohammed, F. (2021, October 29). Cloud Service Discovery and Extraction: A Critical Review and Direction for Future Research. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99007-1_28#citeas."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1108\/JSIT-01-2017-0006","article-title":"A QoS-based approach for cloud-service matchmaking, selection and composition using the Semantic Web","volume":"21","author":"Modi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Syst. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.06.010","article-title":"An MCDM method for cloud service selection using a Markov chain and the best-worst method","volume":"159","author":"Nawaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2010.05.002","article-title":"Discovering Semantic Web services using SPARQL and intelligent agents","volume":"8","author":"Sbodio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Web Semant."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"4557","article-title":"Cloud services composition through cloud patterns: A semantic-based approach","volume":"21","author":"Cretella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11761-019-00263-z","article-title":"Service description languages in cloud computing: State-of-the-art and research issues","volume":"13","author":"Nawaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Serv. Oriented Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-017-1376-5","article-title":"Ontology for cloud manufacturing based Product Lifecycle Management","volume":"30","author":"Talhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.C.S. (2020). A Web Services, Ontology and Big Data Analysis Technology-Based Cloud Case-Based Reasoning Agent for Energy Conservation of Sustainability Science. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10041387"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-016-1250-x","article-title":"ManuService ontology: A product data model for service-oriented business interactions in a cloud manufacturing environment","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwell, R., Liu, X., Chalmers, K., and Pahl, C. (2021, October 29). Task Orientated Requirements Ontology for Cloud Computing Services. Available online: https:\/\/www.scitepress.org\/papers\/2016\/57523\/57523.pdf.","DOI":"10.5220\/0005752301210128"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"775","article-title":"Secure Cloud-Edge deployments, with trust","volume":"102","author":"Brogi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110510","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2933859","article-title":"Ontology-based Security Context Reasoning for Power IoT-Cloud Security Service","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-013-0980-1","article-title":"Ontology-based access control model for security policy reasoning in cloud computing","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Rosa, F.D.F., and Jino, M. (2017). A Survey of security assessment ontologies. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di, M. (2021, October 29). Design of the Network Security Intrusion Detection System Based on the Cloud Computing. 2020. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-15235-2_11.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15235-2_11"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janulevicius, J., Marozas, L., Cenys, A., Goranin, N., and Ramanauskaite, S. (2017, January 27). Enterprise architecture modeling based on cloud computing security ontology as a reference model. Proceedings of the 2017 Open Conference of Electrical, Electronic and Information Sciences (eStream), Vilnius, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.1109\/eStream.2017.7950320"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Kalaiprasath, R., Elankavi, R., and Udayakumar, R. (2021, October 29). Cloud security and compliance -a semantic approach in end to end security. Available online: https:\/\/www.exeley.com\/in_jour_smart_sensing_and_intelligent_systems\/doi\/10.21307\/ijssis-2017-265."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Klimenko, A., and SafronenkovaI, I. (2021, October 29). An Ontology-Based Approach to the Workload Distribution Problem Solving in Fog-Computing Environment. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-19810-7_7#citeas."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., and Pandey, S.K. (2018). Cloud security ontology (CSO). Cloud Computing for Geospatial Big Data Analytics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03359-0_4"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., and Pandey, S.K. (2014, January 8\u201310). A comparative study of Cloud Security Ontologies. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization, Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRITO.2014.7014763"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.011","article-title":"Multi-layer cloud architectural model and ontology-based security service framework for IoT-based smart homes","volume":"78","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato, F., Mazzeo, A., Moscato, V., and Picariello, A. (2013, January 25\u201328). A Framework for Semantic Interoperability over the Cloud. Proceedings of the 2013 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2013.218"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.086","article-title":"An ontology for heterogeneous resources management interoperability and HPC in the cloud","volume":"88","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Corea, C., and Delfmann, P. (2017, January 12\u201315). Detecting Compliance with Business Rules in Ontology- Based Process Modeling. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik, St. Gallen, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgammal, A., and Turetken, O. (2015, January 26\u201329). Lifecycle Business Process Compliance Management: A Semantically-Enabled Framework. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Cloud Computing (ICCC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUDCOMP.2015.7149646"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00847-5_14","article-title":"Conceptual Modeling of Legal Relations","volume":"11157","author":"Griffo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffo, C., Almeida, J.P.A., Guizzardi, G., and Nardi, J.C. (2017, January 10\u201313). From an Ontology of Service Contracts to Contract Modeling in Enterprise Architecture. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 21st International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDOC.2017.15"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Palmirani, M., and Governatori, G. (2021, October 29). Modelling Legal Knowledge for GDPR Compliance Checking. Available online: https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/volumearticle\/50839."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.12.013","article-title":"A scientometric analysis and critical review of construction related ontology research","volume":"101","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dama\u0161evi\u010dius, R. (2009). Ontology of domain analysis concepts in software system design domain. In Information Systems Development: Towards a Service Provision Society. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b137171_33"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youseff, L., Butrico, M., and da Silva, D. (2008, January 12\u201316). Toward a Unified Ontology of Cloud Computing. Proceedings of the Grid Computing Environments Workshop, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCE.2008.4738443"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia, M.P.S., Kumar, A., and Beniwal, R. (2016). Ontologies for Software Engineering: Past, Present and Future. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 9.","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i9\/71384"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"495","article-title":"Pragmatic Ontology Evolution: Reconciling User Requirements and Application Performance","volume":"11136","author":"Osborne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semant. Web\u2013ISWC"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukhsh, F.A., Silva, P.d., Bukhsh, B.A., and Syed, S. (2018, January 17\u201319). From Traditional to Technologically Influenced Audit: A Compliance Perspective. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIT.2018.00036"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"D\u2019Ambrogio, A., Paglia, E., Bocciarelli, P., and Giglio, A. (2016, January 3\u20136). To-wards performance-oriented perfective evolution of BPMN models. Proceedings of the Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation (TMS-DEVS), Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.025","article-title":"Research challenges in legal-rule and QoS-aware cloud service brokerage","volume":"78","author":"Casalicchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3301443","article-title":"Fog Computing for the Internet of Things","volume":"19","author":"Puliafito","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"OpenFog Consortium (2019, April 08). OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Drosdov, E., Sanchez, D.D., Almenarez, F., and Marin, A. (2019, January 15\u201318). A Framework for Efficient and Scalable Service Offloading in the Mist. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Limerick, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2019.8767258"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ven\u010dkauskas, A., Morkevicius, N., Jukavi\u010dius, V., Dama\u0161evi\u010dius, R., Toldinas, J., and Grigali\u016bnas, \u0160. (2019). An edge-fog secure self-authenticable data transfer protocol. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163612"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2015.207","article-title":"The Benefits of Self-Awareness and Attention in Fog and Mist Computing","volume":"48","author":"Preden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsini, G., Bade, D., and Lamersdorf, W. Computing at the mobile edge: Designing elastic android applications for computation offloading. Proceedings of the 2015 8th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WMNC.2015.10"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"31","article-title":"Comparison of Fog Computing Cloud Computing","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Math. Sci. Comput. (IJMSC)"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/12\/302\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:36:16Z","timestamp":1760168176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/13\/12\/302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["fi13120302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi13120302","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]}}}