{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:58:20Z","timestamp":1787990300067,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MF082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MF082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Intelligent Green Manufacturing Technology and Equip-ment of Shandong Province","award":["IGSD-2020-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGSD-2020-012"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao Top Talent Program of Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["19-3-2-11-zhc"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-3-2-11-zhc"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB1601500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1601500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology has resulted in the traffic environment being different from how it was in the past. In the V2X environment, the information perception ability of the driver\u2013vehicle unit is greatly enhanced. With V2X technology, the driver\u2013vehicle unit can obtain a massive amount of traffic information and is able to form a connection and interaction relationship between multiple vehicles and themselves. In the traditional car-following models, only the dual-vehicle interaction relationship between the object vehicle and its preceding vehicle was considered, making these models unable to be employed to describe the car-following behavior in the V2X environment. As one of the core components of traffic flow theory, research on car-following behavior needs to be further developed. First, the development process of the traditional car-following models is briefly reviewed. Second, previous research on the impacts of V2X technology, car-following models in the V2X environment, and the applications of these models, such as the calibration of the model parameters, the analysis of traffic flow characteristics, and the methods that are used to estimate a vehicle\u2019s energy consumption and emissions, are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the achievements and shortcomings of these studies along with trends that require further exploration are discussed. The results that were determined here can provide a reference for the further development of traffic flow theory, personalized advanced driving assistance systems, and anthropopathic autonomous-driving vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T01:18:15Z","timestamp":1640654295000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Car-Following Model and Its Applications in the V2X Environment: A Historical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2186-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyan","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9356-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huili","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Shandong Intelligent Green Manufacturing Technology and Equipment Collaborative Innovation Center, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.6.2.165","article-title":"Traffic Dynamics: Studies in Car Following","volume":"6","author":"Chandler","year":"1958","journal-title":"Oper. 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