{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:35:28Z","timestamp":1763141728817,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart cities use many smart devices to facilitate the well-being of society by different means. However, these smart devices create great challenges, such as energy consumption and carbon emissions. The proposed research lies in communication technologies to deal with big data-driven applications. Aiming at multiple sources of big data in a smart city, we propose a public transport-assisted data-dissemination system to utilize public transport as another communication medium, along with other networks, with the help of software-defined technology. Our main objective is to minimize energy consumption with the maximum delivery of data. A multi-attribute decision-making strategy is adopted for the selction of the best network among wired, wireless, and public transport networks, based upon users\u2019 requirements and different services. Once public transport is selected as the best network, the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) will be implemented to offload data onto buses as per the maximum capacity of buses. For validation, the case of Auckland Transport is used to offload data onto buses for energy-efficient delay-tolerant data transmission. Experimental results show that buses can be utilized efficiently to deliver data as per their demands and consume 33% less energy in comparison to other networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14020042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1643194973000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multi-Attribute Decision Making for Energy-Efficient Public Transport Network Selection in Smart Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Munjal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2241-0767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuejun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jairo","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5375-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Han Joo","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101819","article-title":"Assessment of current developments and future prospects of wind energy in Canada","volume":"50","author":"Bastian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2016.02.004","article-title":"Big Data and virtualization for manufacturing cyber-physical systems: A survey of the current status and future outlook","volume":"81","author":"Babiceanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munjal, R., Liu, W., Li, X.J., Gutierrez, J., and Chong, P.H.J. (2017, January 1\u20134). Telco asks transp: Can you give me a ride in the era of big data?. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2017.8116473"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deebak, B.D. (2021). Cooperative Mobile Traffic Offloading in Mobile Edge Computing for 5G HetNet IoT Applications In Real-Time Intelligence for Heterogeneous Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75614-7_3"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5783984","article-title":"Green radio: Radio techniques to enable energy-efficient wireless networks","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-011-0316-4","article-title":"A survey of green mobile networks: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kelly, T., and Head, S. (2007). ICTs and Climate Change. ITU-T Technology, Tech. Rep, Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/ITU-D\/cyb\/events\/2008\/geneva\/docs\/kelly-icts_and_climate_change-may2008.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Chen, Y. (2011, January 8). Great project overview,(slides). Proceedings of the GreenTouch Open Forum (2011), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Fettweis, G., and Zimmermann, E. (2008, January 8\u201311). ICT energy consumption-trends and challenges. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, Lapland, Finland."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Climate change and natural resources: What contribution can wireless communications make?","volume":"Volume 25","author":"McGreehan","year":"2009","journal-title":"UK Green Wireless Communication\u2014Future Trend and Technology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etoh, M., Ohya, T., and Nakayama, Y. (August, January 28). Energy consumption issues on mobile network systems. Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on Applications and the Internet, SAINT 2008, Turku, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2008.84"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9073","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2865211","article-title":"Delay-tolerant data traffic to software-defined vehicular networks with mobile edge computing in smart city","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2017.2672878","article-title":"Centrally controlled mass data offloading using vehicular traffic","volume":"14","author":"Baron","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, B., Spathis, P., Rivano, H., and de Amorim, M.D. (2014, January 14\u201317). Vehicles as big data carriers: Road map space reduction and efficient data assignment. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 80th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2014-Fall), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2014.6966227"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1576-0","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on mobile data offloading in heterogeneous network","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.37936\/ecti-eec.2017152.171312","article-title":"A modified-SAW for network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks","volume":"15","author":"Bendaoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"ECTI Trans. Electr. Eng. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-014-0443-6","article-title":"A user-centric game selection model based on user preferences for the selection of the best heterogeneous wireless network","volume":"70","author":"Salih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. -Telecommun.-Ann. T\u00e9l\u00e9commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sgora, A., Vergados, D.D., and Chatzimisios, P. (2010, January 22\u201325). An access network selection algorithm for heterogeneous wireless environments. Proceedings of the IEEESymposium on Computers and Communications, Riccione, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2010.5546556"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.010912.00044","article-title":"Mathematical modeling for network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks\u2014A tutorial","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, T., Yuan, Z., Trestian, R., and Muntean, G.M. (2015, January 17\u201319). URAN: Utility-based reputation-oriented access network selection strategy for HetNets. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting, Ghent, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/BMSB.2015.7177266"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-010-0210-6","article-title":"An optimum vertical handoff decision algorithm based on adaptive fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm","volume":"64","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, S., Li, J., Li, R., and Ji, Y. (2014, January 19\u201321). A game theory based vertical handoff scheme for wireless heterogeneous networks. Proceedings of the 2014 10th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN.2014.37"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abid, M., Yahiya, T.A., and Pujolle, G. (2012, January 14\u201317). A utility-based handover decision scheme for heterogeneous wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2012.6180988"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.05.026","article-title":"The utility based non-linear fuzzy AHP optimization model for network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks","volume":"67","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2778939","article-title":"A joint multi-criteria utility-based network selection approach for vehicle-to-infrastructure networking","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02056-w","article-title":"Energy efficient multi-connectivity algorithms for ultra-dense 5G networks","volume":"26","author":"Poirot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sede, M., Li, X., Li, D., Wu, M.Y., Li, M., and Shu, W. (April, January 31). Routing in large-scale buses ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2008.475"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.01.007","article-title":"Look-ahead routing and message scheduling in delay-tolerant networks","volume":"34","author":"Xian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.07.028","article-title":"Cost-effective multi-mode offloading with peer-assisted communications","volume":"25","author":"Komnios","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2008.01.044","article-title":"An overview of vertical handover decision strategies in heterogeneous wireless networks","volume":"31","author":"Kassar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2005.1494578","article-title":"A network selection mechanism for next generation networks","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2005"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8828355","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8828355","article-title":"A User-Oriented Intelligent Access Selection Algorithm in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks","volume":"2020","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46240","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908764","article-title":"Network selection algorithm for multiservice multimode terminals in heterogeneous wireless networks","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munjal, R., Liu, W., Li, X.J., and Gutierrez, J. (2020). A Neural Network-Based Sustainable Data Dissemination through Public Transportation for Smart Cities. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410327"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munjal, R., Liu, W., Li, X.J., and Gutierrez, J. (2019, January 27\u201330). Big data offloading using smart public vehicles with software defined connectivity. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917322"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Poulliat, C. (2017). Mobile Data Offloading via Urban Public Transportation Networks. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse]."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1785","article-title":"Multicriteria optimization of access selection to improve the quality of experience in heterogeneous wireless access networks","volume":"62","author":"Agoulmine","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"83","article-title":"Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"1","author":"Saaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Vanier, D., Tesfamariam, S., Sadiq, R., and Lounis, Z. (2006, January 14\u201316). Decision models to prioritize maintenance and renewal alternatives. Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Computing and Decision Making in Civil and Building Engineering, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2021, December 22). Available online: www.idc.com\/ap\/smartcities."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Kulik, J., and Balakrishnan, H. Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1145\/2635675","article-title":"Opportunistic routing in wireless networks: Models, algorithms, and classifications","volume":"47","author":"Boukerche","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/2\/42\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:08:23Z","timestamp":1760134103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/2\/42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["fi14020042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi14020042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]}}}