{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:28:04Z","timestamp":1787506084320,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we study Graphol, a fully graphical language inspired by standard formalisms for conceptual modeling, similar to the UML class diagram and the ER model, but equipped with formal semantics. We formally prove that Graphol is equivalent to OWL 2, i.e., it can capture every OWL 2 ontology and vice versa. We also present some usability studies indicating that Graphol is suitable for quick adoption by conceptual modelers that are familiar with UML and ER. This is further testified by the adoption of Graphol for ontology representation in several industrial projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14030078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:09:57Z","timestamp":1646078997000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Graphol: A Graphical Language for Ontology Modeling Equivalent to OWL 2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Domenico","family":"Lembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via Ariosto 25, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Santarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OBDA Systems S.R.L., Via di Casal Boccone, 00137 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Fabio","family":"Savo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering (DIGIP), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bergamo, Via A. 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