{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:27:23Z","timestamp":1762054043015,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications demand significant communication, computing and caching resources to support an efficient amalgamation of augmented reality objects (AROs) with the physical world in multiple video view streams. In this paper, the MAR service is decomposed and anchored at different edge cloud locations to optimally explore the scarce edge cloud resources, especially during congestion episodes. In that way, the proposed scheme enables an efficient processing of popular view streams embedded with AROs. More specifically, in this paper, we explicitly utilize the notion of content popularity not only to synthetic objects but also to the video view streams. In this case, popular view streams are cached in a proactive manner, together with preferred\/popular AROs, in selected edge caching locations to improve the overall user experience during different mobility events. To achieve that, a joint optimization problem considering mobility, service decomposition, and the balance between service delay and the preference of view streams and embedded AROs is proposed. To tackle the curse of dimensionality of the optimization problem, a nominal long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is proposed, which is trained offline with optimal solutions and provides high-quality real-time decision making within a gap between 5.6% and 9.8% during inference. Evidence from a wide set of numerical investigations shows that the proposed set of schemes owns around 15% to 38% gains in delay and hence substantially outperforms nominal schemes, which are oblivious to user mobility and the inherent multi-modality and potential decomposition of the MAR services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14060166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:05:14Z","timestamp":1653905114000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimal Proactive Caching for Multi-View Streaming Mobile Augmented Reality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilis","family":"Friderikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88474","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2993613","article-title":"Rendering Optimization for Mobile Web 3D Based on Animation Data Separation and On-Demand Loading","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2895105","article-title":"Web AR: A promising future for mobile augmented reality\u2014State of the art, challenges, and insights","volume":"107","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Huang, S., Opadere, J., and Han, T. (2018, January 16\u201319). An edge network orchestrator for mobile augmented reality. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2018\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Honolulu, HI, USA.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486241"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2819804","article-title":"Adaptive streaming in interactive multiview video systems","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2016.17","article-title":"Augment your reality","volume":"36","author":"Avila","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Gong, X., Liang, J., Guo, J., Wang, W., Que, X., and Cheng, S. (June, January 31). A cloud-assisted DASH-based scalable interactive multiview video streaming framework. Proceedings of the 2015 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS), Cairns, QLD, Australia.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.1109\/PCS.2015.7170079"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2015.2402633","article-title":"View-popularity-driven joint source and channel coding of view and rate scalable multi-view video","volume":"9","author":"Chakareski","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., and Friderikos, V. (April, January 29). Proactive Edge Cloud Optimization for Mobile Augmented Reality Applications. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Nanjing, China.","key":"ref_8","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC49053.2021.9417376"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pervez, F., Raheel, M.S., Gill, J., and Iqbal, K. (2016, January 24\u201326). Uplink resource allocation of multiple DASH streams for QoE-based real and non-real time viewing over LTE. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Security and Technologies (NGMAST), Cardiff, UK.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.1109\/NGMAST.2016.29"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, A., Jacobs, J., Sra, M., and H\u00f6llerer, T. (2021, January 8\u201310). Multi-View AR Streams for Interactive 3D Remote Teaching. Proceedings of the 27th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Osaka, Japan.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1145\/3489849.3489950"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3119144","article-title":"Buffer-Aware Virtual Reality Video Streaming with Personalized and Private Viewport Prediction","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/3364684","article-title":"Toward ml-centric cloud platforms","volume":"63","author":"Bianchini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"unstructured":"Minaee, S., Liang, X., and Yan, S. (2022). Modern Augmented Reality: Applications, Trends, and Future Directions. arXiv.","key":"ref_13"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.09.043","article-title":"Learning-based network path planning for traffic engineering","volume":"92","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2018.2848960","article-title":"Channel state information prediction for 5G wireless communications: A deep learning approach","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2019.07.003","article-title":"A game theoretic approach for hierarchical caching resource sharing in 5G networks with virtualization","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"unstructured":"Halabian, H. (2019, January 8\u201312). Optimal distributed resource allocation in 5G virtualized networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IFIP\/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM), Arlington, VA, USA.","key":"ref_18"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2685","article-title":"User allocation-aware edge cloud placement in mobile edge computing","volume":"50","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700360","article-title":"A cloud-edge computing framework for cyber-physical-social services","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2892176","article-title":"Cooperative task offloading in three-tier mobile computing networks: An ADMM framework","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ran, X., Chen, H., Zhu, X., Liu, Z., and Chen, J. (2018, January 16\u201319). Deepdecision: A mobile deep learning framework for edge video analytics. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2018\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Honolulu, HI, USA.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485905"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Li, T., Kim, H.S., Culler, D.E., and Katz, R.H. (2018, January 4\u20137). Marvel: Enabling mobile augmented reality with low energy and low latency. Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Shenzhen, China.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.1145\/3274783.3274834"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12635","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2720189","article-title":"Crowdsourced multi-view live video streaming using cloud computing","volume":"5","author":"Bilal","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2985061","article-title":"Optimal Power and Bandwidth Allocation for Multiuser Video Streaming in UAV Relay Networks","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2907077","article-title":"Proactive caching for vehicular multi-view 3D video streaming via deep reinforcement learning","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzolino, V., Tonetto, L., Mohan, N., Ding, A.Y., and Ott, J. (2022). Nimbus: Towards Latency-Energy Efficient Task Offloading for AR Services. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput., Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9695282.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2022.3146615"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3058402","article-title":"Modeling Queuing Delay of 5G NR With NOMA Under SINR Outage Constraint","volume":"70","author":"Gemici","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, Y.S., Kim, J., Yang, W.Y., and Kang, C.G. (2010). MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB, John Wiley & Sons.","key":"ref_29","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470825631"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2780218","article-title":"the meta distribution of the SIR for cellular networks with power control","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korrai, P.K., Lagunas, E., Sharma, S.K., Chatzinotas, S., and Ottersten, B. (2019, January 11\u201313). Slicing based resource allocation for multiplexing of eMBB and URLLC services in 5G wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 24th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), Limassol, Cyprus.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2019.8858433"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Lin, P., Song, J., and Song, Q. (2020, January 11\u201314). Computing-Assisted Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for Wireless VR Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China.","key":"ref_32","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC51575.2020.9345178"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2948888","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on Internet of Things (IoT) toward 5G wireless systems","volume":"7","author":"Chettri","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tocz\u00e9, K., and Nadjm-Tehrani, S. (2019, January 14\u201317). ORCH: Distributed Orchestration Framework using Mobile Edge Devices. Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC), Larnaca, Cyprus.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1109\/CFEC.2019.8733152"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2019.2901346","article-title":"Fuzzy workload orchestration for edge computing","volume":"16","author":"Sonmez","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/6\/166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:21:50Z","timestamp":1760138510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/6\/166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fi14060166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi14060166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]}}}