{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:52:00Z","timestamp":1769525520400,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"]}]},{"name":"the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China","award":["MIT02\/19-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIT02\/19-20"]}]},{"name":"the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China","award":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"]}]},{"name":"the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China","award":["DB22B4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DB22B4"]}]},{"name":"The One-off Special Fund from Central and Faculty Fund in Support of Research from 2019\/20 to 2021\/22","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"]}]},{"name":"The One-off Special Fund from Central and Faculty Fund in Support of Research from 2019\/20 to 2021\/22","award":["MIT02\/19-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIT02\/19-20"]}]},{"name":"The One-off Special Fund from Central and Faculty Fund in Support of Research from 2019\/20 to 2021\/22","award":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"]}]},{"name":"The One-off Special Fund from Central and Faculty Fund in Support of Research from 2019\/20 to 2021\/22","award":["DB22B4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DB22B4"]}]},{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Research Scheme of Dean\u2019s Research Fund 2021\/22 of The Education University of Hong Kong","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"]}]},{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Research Scheme of Dean\u2019s Research Fund 2021\/22 of The Education University of Hong Kong","award":["MIT02\/19-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIT02\/19-20"]}]},{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Research Scheme of Dean\u2019s Research Fund 2021\/22 of The Education University of Hong Kong","award":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"]}]},{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Research Scheme of Dean\u2019s Research Fund 2021\/22 of The Education University of Hong Kong","award":["DB22B4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DB22B4"]}]},{"name":"The Faculty Research Grants, Lingnan University","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/E01\/19"]}]},{"name":"The Faculty Research Grants, Lingnan University","award":["MIT02\/19-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIT02\/19-20"]}]},{"name":"The Faculty Research Grants, Lingnan University","award":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLASS\/DRF\/IDS-3"]}]},{"name":"The Faculty Research Grants, Lingnan University","award":["DB22B4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DB22B4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have exploded in popularity; course reviews are important sources for exploring learners\u2019 perceptions about different factors associated with course design and implementation. This study aims to investigate the possibility of automatic classification for the semantic content of MOOC course reviews to understand factors that can predict learners\u2019 satisfaction and their perceptions of these factors. To do this, this study employs a quantitative research methodology based on sentiment analysis and deep learning. Learners\u2019 review data from Class Central are analyzed to automatically identify the key factors related to course design and implementation and the learners\u2019 perceptions of these factors. A total of 186,738 review sentences associated with 13 subject areas are analyzed, and consequently, seven course factors that learners frequently mentioned are found. These factors include: \u201cPlatforms and tools\u201d, \u201cCourse quality\u201d, \u201cLearning resources\u201d, \u201cInstructor\u201d, \u201cRelationship\u201d, \u201cProcess\u201d, and \u201cAssessment\u201d. Subsequently, each factor is assigned a sentimental value using lexicon-driven methodologies, and the topics that can influence learners\u2019 learning experiences the most are decided. In addition, learners\u2019 perceptions across different topics and subjects are explored and discussed. The findings of this study contribute to helping MOOC instructors in tailoring course design and implementation to bring more satisfactory learning experiences for learners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14080218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1658784059000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Understanding Learners\u2019 Perception of MOOCs Based on Review Data Analysis Using Deep Learning and Sentiment Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xieling","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology in Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu Lee","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5614-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Information Technology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Man-Kong","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STEAM Education & Research Centre, Lingnan University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Decision Sciences, Lingnan University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-021-09692-y","article-title":"A bibliometric review on latent topics and trends of the empirical MOOC literature (2008\u20132019)","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Barclay, C., and Logan, D. (2013, January 14). Towards an understanding of the implementation & adoption of massive online open courses (MOOCs) in a developing economy context. Proceedings of the Proceedings Annual Workshop of the AIS Special Interest Group for ICT in Global Development, Milano, Italy."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics of massive open online courses (MOOCs): A research review, 2009\u20132012","volume":"13","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interact. Online Learn."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., and Jones, K. (2009). Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hollands, F.M., and Tirthali, D. (2014). MOOCs: Expectations and Reality, Center for Benefit-Cost Studies of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2017.1369006","article-title":"Refining success and dropout in massive open online courses based on the intention\u2013behavior gap","volume":"38","author":"Henderikx","year":"2017","journal-title":"Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12314","article-title":"Investigating the adoption of MOOC s: A technology\u2013user\u2013environment perspective","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Yin, S., Luo, M., and Yan, W. (2017). Learner control, user characteristics, platform difference, and their role in adoption intention for MOOC learning in China. Australas. J. Educ. Technol., 33.","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.2722"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1674889","article-title":"The role of time in the acceptance of MOOCs among Chinese university students","volume":"30","author":"Teo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-06-2019-0033","article-title":"Investigating the adoption of MOOCs in a developing country: Application of technology-user-environment framework and self-determination theory","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interact. Technol. Smart Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.04.001","article-title":"The role of demographics in online learning; A decision tree based approach","volume":"137","author":"Rizvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"164","article-title":"Digital accreditations in MOOC-based training on sustainability: Factors that influence terminal efficiency","volume":"38","author":"Montoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110673","article-title":"Procrastination predicts online self-regulated learning and online learning ineffectiveness during the coronavirus lockdown","volume":"174","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Halees, A. (2011, January 27\u201329). Mining opinions in user-generated contents to improve course evaluation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering and Computer Systems, Pahang, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22191-0_9"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103855","article-title":"Detecting latent topics and trends in educational technologies over four decades using structural topic modeling: A retrospective of all volumes of Computers & Education","volume":"151","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12907","article-title":"Fifty years of British Journal of Educational Technology: A topic modeling based bibliometric perspective","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"140","article-title":"Evaluation of student feedback within a mooc using sentiment analysis and target groups","volume":"21","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104354","article-title":"Key factors in MOOC pedagogy based on NLP sentiment analysis of learner reviews: What makes a hit","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burstein, J., Marcu, D., Andreyev, S., and Chodorow, M. (2001, January 9\u201311). Towards automatic classification of discourse elements in essays. Proceedings of the 39th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.3115\/1073012.1073026"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107126","article-title":"Tclustvid: A novel machine learning classification model to investigate topics and sentiment in covid-19 tweets","volume":"226","author":"Satu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-008-9088-5","article-title":"The effects of discipline on deep approaches to student learning and college outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Laird","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12999","article-title":"Understanding the focal points and sentiment of learners in MOOC reviews: A machine learning and SC-LIWC-based approach","volume":"51","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2018.06.003","article-title":"Gamification: A key determinant of massive open online course (MOOC) success","volume":"56","author":"Aparicio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Limone, P. (2021, January 5\u20136). Towards a hybrid ecosystem of blended learning within university contexts. Proceedings of the Technology Enhanced Learning Environments for Blended Education\u2014The Italian e-Learning Conference 2021, Foggia, Italy. Available online: https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/openccg\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Di Fuccio, R., Ferrara, F., Siano, G., and Di, A. (2022, January 10\u201311). ALEAS: An interactive application for ubiquitous learning in higher education in statistics. Proceedings of the Stat. Edu\u201921-New Perspectives in Statistics Education, Vieste, Italy."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"262","article-title":"Influencing factors of success and failure in MOOC and general analysis of learner behavior","volume":"6","author":"Rai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2991\/hcis.k.211118.001","article-title":"Understanding MOOC Reviews: Text Mining using Structural Topic Model","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum.-Cent. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zou, D., Xie, H., and Cheng, G. (2020, January 24\u201327). What Are MOOCs Learners\u2019 Concerns? Text Analysis of Reviews for Computer Science Courses. Proceedings of the International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59413-8_6"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"129","article-title":"Effective Learning Content Offering in MOOCs with Virtual Reality-An Exploratory Study on Learner Experience","volume":"24","author":"Hewawalpita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Univers. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2017.12.001","article-title":"Motivating factors of MOOC completers: Comparing between university-affiliated students and general participants","volume":"37","author":"Watted","year":"2018","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.015","article-title":"Students\u2019 patterns of engagement and course performance in a Massive Open Online Course","volume":"95","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.03.016","article-title":"Exploring the factors affecting MOOC retention: A survey study","volume":"98","author":"Hone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.10.001","article-title":"Interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses","volume":"20","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103724","article-title":"What predicts student satisfaction with MOOCs: A gradient boosting trees supervised machine learning and sentiment analysis approach","volume":"145","author":"Hew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10519-x","article-title":"Online learning satisfaction in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A regional comparison between Eastern and Western Chinese universities","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"618","article-title":"How do quality of teaching, assessment, and feedback drive undergraduate course satisfaction in UK Business Schools? A comparative analysis with nonbusiness school courses using the UK National Student Survey","volume":"42","author":"Sutherland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.033","article-title":"Assessing learners\u2019 satisfaction in collaborative online courses through a big data approach","volume":"92","author":"Elia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0144-3","article-title":"An empirical investigation of the antecedents of learner-centered outcome measures in MOOCs","volume":"16","author":"Rabin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ramesh, A., Goldwasser, D., Huang, B., Daum\u00e9, H., and Getoor, L. (2013, January 9). Modeling learner engagement in MOOCs using probabilistic soft logic. Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on Data Driven Education, Lake Tahoe, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2021.3064798","article-title":"Analyzing large collections of open-ended feedback from MOOC learners using LDA topic modeling and qualitative analysis","volume":"14","author":"Nanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unpacking the strategies of ten highly rated MOOCs: Implications for engaging students in large online courses","volume":"120","year":"2018","journal-title":"Teach. Coll. Rec."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Institutional readiness for analytics","volume":"1","author":"Powell","year":"2012","journal-title":"JISC CETIS Anal. Ser."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Mak, S., Williams, R., and Mackness, J. (2010, January 3\u20134). Blogs and forums as communication and learning tools in a MOOC. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Networked Learning 2010, Aalborg, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"69","article-title":"Understanding student engagement in large-scale open online courses: A machine learning facilitated analysis of student\u2019s reflections in 18 highly rated MOOCs","volume":"19","author":"Hew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2014.10.007","article-title":"Asymmetric effects of online consumer reviews","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Mahony, M.P., and Smyth, B. (2010). A classification-based review recommender. Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXVI, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-983-1_4"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"426","article-title":"Topic discovery of online course reviews using LDA with leveraging reviews helpfulness","volume":"9","author":"Lubis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubis, F.F., Rosmansyah, Y., and Supangkat, S.H. (2017, January 18\u201319). Improving course review helpfulness prediction through sentiment analysis. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on ICT For Smart Society (ICISS), Tangerang, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTSS.2017.8288877"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Keegan, D. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. Theoretical Principles of Distance Education, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, S., Xu, L., Liu, K., and Zhao, J. (2015, January 25\u201330). Recurrent convolutional neural networks for text classification. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v29i1.9513"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2009.03.002","article-title":"A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks","volume":"45","author":"Sokolova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sentiment analysis and opinion mining","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. Lect. Hum. Lang. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Mohammad, S., and Turney, P. (2010, January 5). Emotions evoked by common words and phrases: Using mechanical turk to create an emotion lexicon. Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.598191","article-title":"Factors influencing learners\u2019 self\u2013regulated learning skills in a massive open online course (MOOC) environment","volume":"20","author":"Albelbisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. Online J. Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.044","article-title":"Investigating users\u2019 perspectives on e-learning: An integration of TAM and IS success model","volume":"45","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.12.001","article-title":"E-learning success determinants: Brazilian empirical study","volume":"122","author":"Cidral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousef, A.M.F., Chatti, M.A., Schroeder, U., and Wosnitza, M. (2014, January 7\u201310). What drives a successful MOOC? An empirical examination of criteria to assure design quality of MOOCs. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 14th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2014.23"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.006","article-title":"Value hierarchy for massive open online courses","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"68","article-title":"A team of instructors\u2019 use of social presence, teaching presence, and attitudinal dissonance strategies: An animal behaviour and welfare MOOC","volume":"18","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"341","article-title":"Massive open online course completion rates revisited: Assessment, length and attrition","volume":"16","author":"Jordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"44","article-title":"MOOC pedagogy: Gleaning good practice from existing MOOCs","volume":"10","author":"Bali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Online Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12235","article-title":"Promoting engagement in online courses: What strategies can we learn from three highly rated MOOCS","volume":"47","author":"Hew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"92","article-title":"Why study on a MOOC? The motives of students and professionals","volume":"18","author":"Milligan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Wisniewski, P., Rosson, M.B., and Carroll, J.M. (March, January 27). Ask the instructors: Motivations and challenges of teaching massive open online courses. Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-017-0016-3","article-title":"Towards AI-powered personalization in MOOC learning","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Npj Sci. Learn."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Yousef, A.M.F., and Sunar, A.S. (2015, January 29). Opportunities and challenges in personalized MOOC experience. Proceedings of the ACM WEB Science Conference 2015, Web Science Education Workshop, Oxford, UK."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/8\/218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:56Z","timestamp":1760140556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/8\/218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["fi14080218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi14080218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}}}