{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T19:41:03Z","timestamp":1768419663448,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Video streaming solutions have increased their importance in the last decade, enabling video on demand (VoD) services. Among several innovative services, 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) systems consider the possibility of providing VoD-based solutions for surveillance applications, citizen information and e-tourism applications, to name a few. Although the majority of the implemented solutions resort to a centralized cloud-based approach, the interest in edge\/fog-based approaches is increasing. Fog-based VoD services result in fulfilling the stringent low-latency requirement of 5G and B5G networks. In the following, by resorting to the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) technique, we design a video-segment deployment algorithm for streaming services in a fog computing environment. In particular, by exploiting the inherent adaptation of the DASH approach, we embed in the system a joint transcoding and scalable video coding (SVC) approach able to deploy at run-time the video segments upon the user\u2019s request. With this in mind, two algorithms have been developed aiming at maximizing the marginal gain with respect to a pre-defined delay threshold and enabling video quality downgrade for faster video deployment. Numerical results demonstrate that by effectively mapping the video segments, it is possible to minimize the streaming latency while maximising the users\u2019 target video quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14090268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Joint Scalable Video Coding and Transcoding Solutions for Fog-Computing-Assisted DASH Video Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majd","family":"Nafeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, 40121 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1360-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash","family":"Bozorgchenani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7338-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Tarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, 40121 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52261","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870855","article-title":"QoE-Traffic Optimization Through Collaborative Edge Caching in Adaptive Mobile Video Streaming","volume":"6","author":"Mehrabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2011.71","article-title":"The MPEG-DASH Standard for Multimedia Streaming Over the Internet","volume":"18","author":"Sodagar","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE MultiMedia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3043399","article-title":"Developments in International Video Coding Standardization after AVC, with an Overview of Versatile Video Coding (VVC)","volume":"109","author":"Bross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2015.2461951","article-title":"Overview of SHVC: Scalable Extensions of the High Efficiency Video Coding Standard","volume":"26","author":"Boyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.47","article-title":"Cloud Streaming Brings Video to Mobile Devices","volume":"45","author":"Lawton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2814571","article-title":"Survey of Fog Computing: Fundamental, Network Applications, and Research Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.06.032","article-title":"An energy harvesting solution for computation offloading in Fog Computing networks","volume":"160","author":"Bozorgchenani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201","article-title":"A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing: The Communication Perspective","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2018.2885443","article-title":"Centralized and Distributed Architectures for Energy and Delay Efficient Fog Network-Based Edge Computing Services","volume":"3","author":"Bozorgchenani","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veillon, V., Denninnart, C., and Salehi, M.A. (2019, January 14\u201317). F-FDN: Federation of Fog Computing Systems for Low Latency Video Streaming. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC), Larnaca, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/CFEC.2019.8733154"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal, K., and Erbad, A. (2017, January 8\u201311). Edge computing for interactive media and video streaming. Proceedings of the 2017 Second International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FMEC.2017.7946410"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600826","article-title":"Fog-Based Transcoding for Crowdsourced Video Livecast","volume":"55","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barz, H., and Bassett, G. (2016). Multimedia Networks: Protocols, Design, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119090151"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojkovic, Z.S., Milovanovic, D.A., and Fowdur, T.P. (2020). An Evolution of 5G Multimedia Communication: New Ecosystem. 5G Multimedia Communication: Technology, Multiservices, and Deployment, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003096450"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600247CM","article-title":"A Unified Urban Mobile Cloud Computing Offloading Mechanism for Smart Cities","volume":"55","author":"Mazza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, C.S., Jung, H.S., Park, J.W., Lee, H.G., Yun, C.H., and Lee, Y.W. (2020). A Cloud-Based UTOPIA Smart Video Surveillance System for Smart Cities. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10186572"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.10.010","article-title":"Adaptive live video streaming on low-cost wireless multihop networks for road traffic surveillance in smart cities","volume":"115","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800258","article-title":"Visual IoT: Enabling Internet of Things Visualization in Smart Cities","volume":"33","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.01.042","article-title":"Improving network resources allocation in smart cities video surveillance","volume":"134","author":"Kunst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Networks"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3065237","article-title":"A Survey on Multi-Access Edge Computing Applied to Video Streaming: Some Research Issues and Challenges","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A., De, D., Ghosh, S.K., and Buyya, R. (2021). Mobile Edge Computing for Content Distribution and Mobility Support in Smart Cities. Mobile Edge Computing, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69893-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., and Zink, M. (2014, January 19\u201320). On the Feasibility of DASH Streaming in the Cloud. Proceedings of the Network and Operating System Support on Digital Audio and Video Workshop, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/2578260.2578273"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H., Seo, B., and Zimmermann, R. (2014, January 19). Dynamic Scheduling on Video Transcoding for MPEG DASH in the Cloud Environment. Proceedings of the 5th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference, Association for Computing Machinery, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/2557642.2557656"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2438713","article-title":"Towards Cost-Efficient Video Transcoding in Media Cloud: Insights Learned from User Viewing Patterns","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107288","article-title":"A multi-tier fog content orchestrator mechanism with quality of experience support","volume":"177","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiti, P., Shukla, J., Sahoo, B., and Turuk, A.K. (2018, January 15\u201317). QoS-aware fog nodes placement. Proceedings of the 2018 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology (RAIT), Dhanbad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAIT.2018.8389043"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2901850","article-title":"An Online Optimization Framework for Distributed Fog Network Formation with Minimal Latency","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2018.2828426","article-title":"Adaptive Wireless Video Streaming Based on Edge Computing: Opportunities and Approaches","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.13164\/re.2018.0819","article-title":"Content Aware Segment Length Optimization for Adaptive Streaming over HTTP","volume":"27","author":"Zach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2008","article-title":"Comparative analysis of propagation path loss models with field measured data","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020). Versatile Video Coding, Recommendation H.266 (Standard No. ISO\/IEC 23090-3:2020)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhl, T., Hoppe, C., and Klink, J.H. (2020, January 17\u201319). Modern Codecs by Video Streaming under Use DASH Technique: An Objective Comparison Study. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), Split, Croatia.","DOI":"10.23919\/SoftCOM50211.2020.9238324"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/9\/268\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:32Z","timestamp":1760142812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/9\/268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["fi14090268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi14090268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]}}}