{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:09:32Z","timestamp":1762074572942,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a novel vision to trade and allocate wireless spectrum in 6G communication networks inspired by the concept of the sharing economy. We argue that such an approach will help ease the surge in demands for wireless spectrum that will characterise the 6G world. We also introduce HODNET (Heterogeneous on Demand NETwork resource negotiation), an open platform that is able to realise this new spectrum-sharing model. To demonstrate the benefits of spectrum trading and allocation in this new paradigm, we considered the use-case of massive Internet of Things (IoT) on a local scale. We simulated a large IoT deployment and evaluated the spectral efficiency of the system when managed using HODNET compared with a standard 5G deployment. Our experiments show that HODNET can indeed offer better allocation, based on our spectrum sharing model, of spectrum resources compared with standard allocation approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14110309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T04:57:34Z","timestamp":1667105854000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Spectrum Management Platform Architecture to Enable a Sharing Economy in 6G"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Faycal","family":"Bouhafs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and IT, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1626-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Raschell\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9013-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5293-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"den Hartog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and IT, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Cisco Annual Internet Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/executive-perspectives\/annual-internet-report\/white-paper-c11-741490.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Ericsson Mobility Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/en\/mobility-report\/reports\/november-2020."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Spectrum Sharing: GSMA Public Policy Position. Available online: https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/spectrum\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Spectrum-Sharing-PPP.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4804395","article-title":"Licensed or unlicensed: The economic considerations in incremental spectrum allocations","volume":"47","author":"Bazelon","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"den Hartog, F., Raschella, A., Bouhafs, F., Kempker, P., Boltjes, B., and Seyedebrahimi, M. (2017, January 22\u201324). A pathway to solving the Wi-Fi tragedy of the commons in apartment blocks. Proceedings of the 27th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATNAC.2017.8215382"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2017.01.010","article-title":"From spectrum management to spectrum governance","volume":"41","author":"Anker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7105643","article-title":"An evolution toward cognitive cellular systems: Licensed shared access for network optimization","volume":"53","author":"Mustonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33860","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061706","article-title":"Anonymous Dynamic Spectrum Access and Sharing Mechanisms for the CBRS Band","volume":"9","author":"Grissa","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.11.055","article-title":"(ReLBT): A Reinforcement learning-enabled listen before talk mechanism for LTE-LAA and Wi-Fi coexistence in IoT","volume":"150","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-020-02540-8","article-title":"Coexistence algorithms for LTE and WiFi networks in unlicensed spectrum: Performance optimization and comparison","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Z., Li, A., and Wang, H. (2020, January 22\u201325). Modeling and Performance Analysis of LTE Coexisting with Wi-Fi. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information, Communication and Networks (ICICN), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICN51133.2020.9205102"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2007.070402","article-title":"Spectrum Sharing for Unlicensed Bands","volume":"25","author":"Etkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64603","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984535","article-title":"Combining Cooperative with Non-Cooperative Game Theory to Model Wi-Fi Congestion in Apartment Blocks","volume":"8","author":"Wissink","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.11.010","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on spectrum sharing: Architecture, energy efficiency and security issues","volume":"103","author":"Koura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elsevier J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14460","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2966271","article-title":"5G Technology: Towards Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Using Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"8","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700687","article-title":"Cognitive Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access with Cooperative Relaying: A New Wireless Frontier for 5G Spectrum Sharing","volume":"56","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2018.1800259","article-title":"Spectrum Sharing for Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Umehira, M., Akimoto, M., Han, B., and Zhou, H. (2022). Green spectrum sharing framework in B5G era by exploiting crowdsensing. IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw. Early Access, 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3186282"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2746186","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking for Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Bera","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2014.0117","article-title":"Trends on virtualisation with software defined networking and network function virtualisation","volume":"4","author":"Caraguay","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawat, D.B., and Reddy, S. (April, January 30). Recent advances on Software Defined Wireless Networking. Proceedings of the SoutheastCon 2016, Norfolk, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON.2016.7506770"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1800246","article-title":"Wi-5: A Programming Architecture for Unlicensed Frequency Bands","volume":"56","author":"Bouhafs","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matinmikko-Blue, M., Yrjola, S., and Ahokangas, P. (2020, January 17\u201320). Spectrum Management in the 6G Era: The Role of Regulation and Spectrum Sharing. Proceedings of the 2nd 6G Wireless Summit (6G SUMMIT), Levi, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/6GSUMMIT49458.2020.9083851"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Q., Choi, N., Rahman, M.R., Thottan, M., and Tassiulas, L. (2020, January 6\u20139). Network Slicing in Heterogeneous Software-defined RANs. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155532"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Refaey, M., Magdi, N., and Abd El-Megeed, H. (2014, January 4\u20138). Cloud-assisted spectrum management system with trading engine. Proceedings of the International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Nicosia, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2014.6906484"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2672220","article-title":"Sharing of Unlicensed Spectrum by Strategic Operators","volume":"35","author":"Teng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"den Hartog, F., Bouhafs, F., and Shi, Q. (2019, January 11\u201314). Toward secure trading of unlicensed spectrum in cyber-physical systems. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2019.8651845"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, S., Chen, H., Zhu, Y., and Li, W. (2016, January 13\u201315). Aggregation based Cell Selection Methods for multi-RAT HetNet. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing (WCSP), Yangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2016.7752572"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2416772","article-title":"Recent advances in underlay heterogeneous networks: Interference control, resource allocation, and self-organization","volume":"17","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Ng, D.W.K., Yu, W., Larsson, E.G., Al-Dhahir, N., and Schober, R. (2020). Massive access for 5G and beyond. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3019724"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2903465","article-title":"Per-flow radio resource management to mitigate interference in dense IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs","volume":"19","author":"Bouhafs","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/11\/309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:46Z","timestamp":1760144686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/14\/11\/309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["fi14110309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi14110309","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}