{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T01:26:45Z","timestamp":1780968405173,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human\u2013machine interaction (HMI) refers to systems enabling communication between machines and humans. Systems for human\u2013machine interfaces have advanced significantly in terms of materials, device design, and production methods. Energy supply units, logic circuits, sensors, and data storage units must be flexible, stretchable, undetectable, biocompatible, and self-healing to act as human\u2013machine interfaces. This paper discusses the technologies for providing different haptic feedback of different natures. Notably, the physiological mechanisms behind touch perception are reported, along with a classification of the main haptic interfaces. Afterward, a comprehensive overview of wearable haptic interfaces is presented, comparing them in terms of cost, the number of integrated actuators and sensors, their main haptic feedback typology, and their future application. Additionally, a review of sensing systems that use haptic feedback technologies\u2014specifically, smart gloves\u2014is given by going through their fundamental technological specifications and key design requirements. Furthermore, useful insights related to the design of the next-generation HMI devices are reported. Lastly, a novel smart glove based on thin and conformable AlN (aluminum nitride) piezoelectric sensors is demonstrated. Specifically, the device acquires and processes the signal from the piezo sensors to classify performed gestures through an onboard machine learning (ML) algorithm. Then, the design and testing of the electronic conditioning section of AlN-based sensors integrated into the smart glove are shown. Finally, the architecture of a wearable visual-tactile recognition system is presented, combining visual data acquired by a micro-camera mounted on the user\u2019s glass with the haptic ones provided by the piezoelectric sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1672205427000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Human\u2013Machine Interaction through Advanced Haptic Sensors: A Piezoelectric Sensory Glove with Edge Machine Learning for Gesture and Object Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0893-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Fazio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Panamericana, Aguascalientes 20290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mastronardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Petruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"De Vittorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600709","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201600709","article-title":"Electronic Devices for Human-Machine Interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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