{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:31:39Z","timestamp":1781886699988,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interest in vehicle-to-vehicle communication has gained a high demand in the last decade. This is due to the need for safe and robust smart communication, while this type of communication is vulnerable to latency and power. Therefore, this work proposes the Narrowband Internet-of-Things to enhance the robustness of the vehicular communication system. Accordingly, the system\u2019s QoS is enhanced. This enhancement is based on proposing two parts to cover the latency and the harmonics issues, in addition to proposing a distributed antenna configuration for the moving vehicles under a machine learning benchmark, which uses the across-entropy algorithm. The proposed environment has been simulated and compared to the state-of-the-art work performance. The simulation results verify the proposed work performance based on three different parameters; namely the latency, the mean squared error rate, and the transmitted signal block error rate. From these results, the proposed work outperforms the literature; at the probability of 10\u22123, the proposed work reduces the peak power deficiency by almost 49%, an extra 23.5% enhancement has been attained from the self-interference cancellation side, and a bit error rate enhancement by a ratio of 31%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1672205427000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Narrowband Internet-of-Things to Enhance the Vehicular Communications Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qadri","family":"Hamarsheh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Philadelphia University, Amman P.O. Box 19392, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-8070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Daoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Philadelphia University, Amman P.O. Box 19392, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Baniyounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Philadelphia University, Amman P.O. Box 19392, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5437-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahlam","family":"Damati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Philadelphia University, Amman P.O. Box 19392, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lucero, S. (2022, June 20). IoT Platforms: Enabling the Internet of Things. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.ihs.com\/www\/pdf\/enabling-IOT.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardyn, J.P., Melly, T., Seller, O., and Sornin, N. (2016, January 12\u201315). IoT: The era of LPWAN is starting now. Proceedings of the ESSCIRC Conference 2016: 42nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2016.7598235"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2017.03.004","article-title":"A survey on LPWA technology: LoRa and NB-IoT","volume":"3","author":"Sinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2017.12.005","article-title":"A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment","volume":"5","author":"Mekki","year":"2019","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2015.2512358","article-title":"New 3GPP Standard for IoT [Mobile Radio]","volume":"11","author":"Gozalvez","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauridsen, M., Kovacs, I., Mogensen, P., Sorensen, M., and Holst, S. (2016, January 18\u201321). Coverage and Capacity Analysis of LTE-M and NB-IoT in a Rural Area. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2016.7880946"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikary, A., Lin, X., and Wang, Y. (2016, January 18\u201321). Performance Evaluation of NB-IoT Coverage. Proceedings of the IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2016.7881160"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2752798","article-title":"LTE-V for Sidelink 5G V2X Vehicular Communications: A New 5G Technology for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Everything Communications","volume":"12","author":"Gozalvez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bettisworth, C., Burt, M., Chachich, A., Harrington, R., Hassol, J., Kim, A., Lamoureux, K., LaFrance-Linden, D., Maloney, C., and Perlman, D. (2022, November 21). Status of the Dedicated Short-Range Communications Technology and Applications: Report to Congress, Available online: http:\/\/www.its.dot.gov\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750452","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2750452","article-title":"DSRC versus 4GLTE for connected vehicle applications: A study on field experiments of vehicular communication performance","volume":"2017","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.01.133","article-title":"Performance of dsrc and wifi for intelligent transport systems in vanet","volume":"127","author":"Fitah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kchaou, A., Abassi, R., and Guemara, S. (2020, January 25\u201328). Towards the performance evaluation of a clustering and trust based security mechanism for vanet. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.1145\/3407023.3407071"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remy, G., Senouci, S.-M., Jan, F., and Gourhant, Y. (2011, January 5\u20139). Lte4v2x: Lte for a centralized vanet organization. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference-GLOBECOM, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2011.6133884"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulhe, P., Sinha, A., Dixit, V., Bhoyar, V., Gawali, G., and Nawkhare, S. (2020, January 26\u201328). V2V Communication: A Study on Autonomous Driving using VANET and Telematics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICT48043.2020.9112390"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, November 21). 3GPP, TR. Study on Enhancement of 3GPP Support for 5G V2X Services (Release 16), Specification No.22.886; Version 16.2.0; 3GPP. Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3108."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zafar, A., Mao, G., and Li, C. (2016, January 22\u201327). On the Achievable Throughput of Cooperative Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7511124"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2782323","article-title":"Narrowband Internet of Things systems with opportunistic D2D communication","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2807619","article-title":"Group communications in narrowband-IoT: Architecture, procedures, and evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Tsoukaneri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.17762\/ijcnis.v14i1.5216","article-title":"Robust Vehicular Communications Using the Fast-Frequency-Hopping-OFDM Technology and the MIMO Spatial Multiplexing","volume":"14","author":"Hamarsheh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Netw. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msadaa, I.C., Cataldi, P., and Filali, F. (2010, January 27\u201329). A Comparative Study between 802.11p and Mobile WiMAX-based V2I Communication Networks. Proceedings of the 2010 Fourth International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies, Amman, Jordan.","DOI":"10.1109\/NGMAST.2010.45"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campolo, C., Molinaro, A., Romeo, F., Bazzi, A., and Berthet, A. (2019, January 2). Full duplex-aided sensing and scheduling in cellular-v2x mode 4. Proceedings of the 2019 ACM 1st MobiHoc Workshop on Technologies, mOdels, and Protocols for Cooperative Connected Cars, Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3331054.3331549"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponomareva, O., Ponomarev, A., and Ponomareva, N. (2018, January 14\u201317). Window-Presum Parametric Discrete Fourier Transform. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS), Kazan, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EWDTS.2018.8524732"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2698978","article-title":"Design and optimization on training sequence for mmWave communications: A new approach for sparse channel estimation in massive MIMO","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Newland, D.E. (2005). An Introduction to Random Vibrations, Spectral & Wavelet Analysis, Dover Publications. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamarsheh, Q., Al-Akaidi, M., Daoud, O., and Damati, A. (2021, January 30\u201331). V2V BER Enhancement based on FFH-OFDM. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Distributed Sensing and Intelligent Systems (ICDSIS2021), Hefei, China.","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2021.2662"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"57","article-title":"The Performance of the Vehicular Communication-Clustering Process","volume":"18","author":"Daoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telkomnika Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/1\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:53:50Z","timestamp":1760147630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/1\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["fi15010016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi15010016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]}}}