{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:36Z","timestamp":1760147016216,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because of rain attenuation, the equivalent baseband transfer function of large bandwidth radio-links will not be ideal. We report the results concerning radio links to\/from satellites orbiting in GeoSurf satellite constellations located at Spino d\u2019Adda, Prague, Madrid, and Tampa, which are all sites in different climatic regions. By calculating rain attenuation and phase delay with the Synthetic Storm Technique, we have found that in a 10-GHz bandwidth centered at 80 GHz (W-Band)\u2014to which we refer to as \u201cultra-wideband-, both direct and orthogonal channels will introduce significant amplitude and phase distortions, which increase with rain attenuation. Only \u201cnarrow-band\u201d channels (100~200 MHz) will not be affected. The ratio between the probability of bit error with rain attenuation and the probability of bit error with no rain attenuation increases with rain attenuation. The estimated loss in the signal-to-noise ratio can reach 3~4 dB. All results depend on the site, Tampa being the worst. To confirm these findings, future work will need a full Monte Carlo digital simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T02:15:42Z","timestamp":1672798542000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transfer Functions and Linear Distortions in Ultra-Wideband Channels Faded by Rain in GeoSurf Satellite Constellations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6506-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Matricciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Bioingegneria e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Bioingegneria e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matricciani, E. (2020). Geocentric Spherical Surfaces Emulating the Geostationary Orbit at Any Latitude with Zenith Links. Future Internet, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12010016"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matricciani, E., Riva, C., and Luini, L. (2021). Tropospheric Attenuation in GeoSurf Satellite Constellations. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245180"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3390\/telecom3030027","article-title":"Outage Probability versus Carrier Frequency in GeoSurf Satellite Constellations with Radio-Links Faded by Rain","volume":"3","author":"Matricciani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telecom"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kennedy, R.S. (1969). Fading Dispersive Communication Channels, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1980.11645","article-title":"Introduction to spread spectrum antimultipath techniques and their application to urban digital radio","volume":"68","author":"Turin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1982.1095533","article-title":"Theory of spread-spectrum communications\u2014A tutorial","volume":"30","author":"Pickholtz","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Viterbi, A.J. (1995). CDMA Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications, Addinson-Wesly."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/35.714616","article-title":"Spreading codes fir direct sequence CDMA and wideband CDMA celluar networks","volume":"36","author":"Dinan","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1109\/49.983362","article-title":"The coding-spreading trade-off in CDMA systems","volume":"20","author":"Veeravalli","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsusaki, Y., Masafumi, N., Suzuki, Y., Susumu, N., Kamei, M., Hashimoto, A., Kimura, T., Tanaka, S., and Ikeda, T. (2014, January 19\u201323). Development of a Wide-Band Modem for a 21-GHz Band Satellite Broadcasting System. Proceedings of the IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, Newport Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RWS.2014.6830106"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Parsons, D. (1994). The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Simon, M.K., and Alouini, M.S. (2000). Digital Communication over Fading Channels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2002.995507","article-title":"Special Issue on Channel and Propgation Modeling for Wireless Systems Design","volume":"20","author":"Greenstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sel. Areas Communictions"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511841224"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"214","article-title":"A Wideband Satellite Maritime Channel Model Simulator","volume":"70","author":"Machado","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2024177","article-title":"A Relationship between Phase Delay and Attenuation Due to Rain and Its Applications to Satellite and Deep-Space Tracking","volume":"57","author":"Matricciani","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1029\/95RS03129","article-title":"Physical-mathematical model of the dynamics of rain attenuation based on rain rate time series and a two-layer vertical structure of precipitation","volume":"31","author":"Matricciani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Schwartz, M. (1990). Information, Transimission, Modulation and Noise, McGraw-Hill Int.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Carassa, F. (1978). Comunicazioni Elettriche, Bollati Boringhieri."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4460020615","article-title":"Rain attenuation predicted with a two-layer rain model","volume":"2","author":"Matricciani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. Tranactions Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Recommendation ITU-R P.839-4 (2013). Rain Height Model for Prediction Methods, ITU."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"262","article-title":"Computed transmission through rain in the 1-400 GHz frequency range for spherical and elliptical drops and any polarization","volume":"50","author":"Maggiori","year":"1981","journal-title":"Alta Frequenza."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/1\/27\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:58:05Z","timestamp":1760119085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/1\/27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["fi15010027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi15010027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]}}}