{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:16:36Z","timestamp":1777929396830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To extend a network\u2019s lifetime, wireless rechargeable sensor networks are promising solutions. Chargers can be deployed to replenish energy for the sensors. However, deployment cost will increase when the number of chargers increases. Many metrics may affect the final policy for charger deployment, such as distance, the power requirement of the sensors and transmission radius, which makes the charger deployment problem very complex and difficult to solve. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for determining the field of interest (FoI) in which to find suitable candidate positions of chargers with lower computational costs. In addition, we designed four metaheuristic algorithms to address the local optima problem. Since we know that metaheuristic algorithms always require more computational costs for escaping local optima, we designed a new framework to reduce the searching space effectively. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve the best price\u2013performance ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15030117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T06:00:01Z","timestamp":1679464801000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Artificial-Intelligence-Based Charger Deployment in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hsin-Hung","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Che","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2461-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan-Hsun","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3222-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Chieh","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science and Innovation, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 5600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.3390\/s100402770","article-title":"Acquiring authentic data in unattended wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2013.06.014","article-title":"Management and applications of trust in Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey","volume":"80","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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