{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:09:02Z","timestamp":1771330142565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of a metaverse, a virtual world that offers immersive experiences, has gained widespread interest in recent years. Despite the hype, there is still a gap in its practical application, especially in the realm of education. This study presents the design and implementation of a metaverse tailored to the needs of education. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of such a system and evaluate its effectiveness. It is crucial to understand the architecture and implementation of a metaverse to effectively customise it for educational purposes. To assess user experience, a field study was conducted, collecting data through questionnaires and qualitative feedback. The results show that users were pleased with the features, player experience, and ease of use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15040124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T06:46:19Z","timestamp":1679899579000},"page":"124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Developing a Virtual World for an Open-House Event: A Metaverse Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6362-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keattikorn","family":"Samarnggoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Game Department, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Supara","family":"Grudpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Game Department, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Noppon","family":"Wongta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Game Department, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Konlawat","family":"Klaynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animation and Visual Effect Department, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bili\u0144ska, K., Pabian, B., Pabian, A., and Reformat, B. (2023). Development Trends and Potential in the Field of Virtual Tourism after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Generation Z Example. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15031889"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S., Yoon, K., Kim, M., Yoo, J., Lee, B., Song, I., and Woo, J. (2022). Building Korean DMZ Metaverse Using a Web-Based Metaverse Platform. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12157908"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinberger, M. (2022). What Is Metaverse?\u2014A Definition Based on Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. Future Internet, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14110310"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., Ding, J., and Daneshmand, M. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse: The State-of-the-art, Technologies, Applications, and Challenges. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2010031","article-title":"Metaverse","volume":"2","author":"Mystakidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Castronova, E. (2008). Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techum.2022.04.004","article-title":"Approaching metaverses: Mixed reality interfaces in youth media platforms","volume":"2","author":"Prieto","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Techno. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D Virtual worlds and the metaverse","volume":"45","author":"John","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"De Decker, P., and Peterson, S. (2020). Beyond Virtual or Physical Environments: Building a Research Metaverse a White Paper for NDRIO\u2019s Canadian Digital Research Needs Assessment, NDRIO. Available online: https:\/\/alliancecan.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-03\/ndrio-white-paper-digital-metaverse-dedeckerpeterson.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birk, M.V., Atkins, C., Bowey, J.T., and Mandryk, R.L. (2016, January 7\u201312). Fostering intrinsic motivation through avatar identification in digital games. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858062"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lycett, M., and Reppel, A. (2022, January 6\u201310). Humans in (Digital) Space: Representing Humans in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Frascati, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3531073.3531172"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Culliford, E., and Balu, N. (2023, February 02). Facebook Invests Billions in Metaverse Efforts as Ad Business Slows. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/facebook-invest-billions-metaverse-efforts-ad-business-slows-2021-10-26\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"De Paolis, L.T., Arpaia, P., and Sacco, M. Regulating the Metaverse, a Blueprint for the Future. Proceedings of the Extended Reality."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, L. (2022, January 25\u201327). Regulation of the Metaverse: A Roadmap: The Risks and Regulatory Solutions for Largescale Consumer Platforms. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Virtual and Augmented Reality Simulations, Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3546607.3546611"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Polona, C., Andr\u00e9, M.T., and Maria, N. (2023, February 02). Metaverse: Opportunities, Risks and Policy Implications. European Parliamentary Research Service. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_BRI(2022)733557."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102923","article-title":"Rise of the Metaverse\u2019s Immersive Virtual Reality Malware and the Man-in-the-Room Attack & Defenses","volume":"127","author":"Baggili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbuKhousa, E., El-Tahawy, M.S., and Atif, Y. (2023). Envisioning Architecture of Metaverse Intensive Learning Experience (MiLEx): Career Readiness in the 21st Century and Collective Intelligence Development Scenario. Future Internet, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15020053"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricci, M., Scarcelli, A., and Fiorentino, M. (2023). Designing for the Metaverse: A Multidisciplinary Laboratory in the Industrial Design Program. Future Internet, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15020069"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14434\/sdh.v4i1.26218","article-title":"Virtually Real or Really Virtual: Towards a Heritage Metaverse","volume":"4","author":"Huggett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Digit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1386\/tear_00013_1","article-title":"Spatial poetics, place, non-place and storyworlds: Intimate spaces for metaverse avatars","volume":"17","author":"Ayiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technoetic Arts"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.017","article-title":"A content service deployment plan for metaverse museum exhibitions\u2014Centering on the combination of beacons and HMDs","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1, M.J., and Serpa, S. (2023). Metaverse as a Learning Environment: Some Considerations. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032186"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.09.249","article-title":"Virtual Experiments in Metaverse and their Applications to Collaborative Projects: The framework and its significance","volume":"176","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lee, L.H., Braud, T., and Hui, P. (2022). Re-shaping Post-COVID-19 Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint of Virtual-Physical Blended Classrooms in the Metaverse Era. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW56584.2022.00053"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, K. (2022, January 14\u201317). Breaking down the Barrier between Teachers and Students by Using Metaverse Technology in Education. Proceedings of the 2022 13th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management, and E-Learning (IC4E), Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3514262.3514345"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-022-00205-x","article-title":"Is Metaverse in education a blessing or a curse: A combined content and bibliometric analysis","volume":"9","author":"Tlili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Li, J., Fan, S., Lin, Z., Wu, X., and Cai, W. (2021, January 20\u201324). Metaverse for Social Good: A University Campus Prototype. Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3479238"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107289","article-title":"What is XR? Towards a Framework for Augmented and Virtual Reality","volume":"133","author":"Rauschnabel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1321","article-title":"A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays","volume":"77","author":"Milgram","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speicher, M., Hall, B.D., and Nebeling, M. (2019, January 4\u20139). What is Mixed Reality?. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300767"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Jagatheesaperumal, S.K., Ahmad, K., Al-Fuqaha, A., and Qadir, J. (2022). Advancing Education Through Extended Reality and Internet of Everything Enabled Metaverses: Applications, Challenges, and Open Issues. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.46328\/ijtes.385","article-title":"Students\u2019 opinions about the educational use of the metaverse","volume":"6","author":"Talan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mistretta, S. (2022). The metaverse\u2014An alternative education space. AI Comput. Sci. Robot. Technol.","DOI":"10.5772\/acrt.05"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Bokijonov, S., and Choi, Y. (2021). Review of microsoft hololens applications over the past five years. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167259"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00427-9","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of learning design with mixed reality (MR) in higher education","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuncoro, T., Ichwanto, M.A., and Muhammad, D.F. (2023). VR-Based Learning Media of Earthquake-Resistant Construction for Civil Engineering Students. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054282"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage6030131","article-title":"Visiting Heritage Sites in AR and VR","volume":"6","author":"Pervolarakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6hlich, T., Alexandrovsky, D., Stabbert, T., D\u00f6ring, T., and Malaka, R. (2018, January 28\u201331). VRBox: A Virtual Reality Augmented Sandbox for Immersive Playfulness, Creativity and Exploration. Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3242671.3242697"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2022.100090","article-title":"Augmented-Reality Enhanced Anatomy Learning (A-REAL): Assessing the utility of 3D holographic models for anatomy education","volume":"9","author":"Uribe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.52380\/mojet.2023.11.1.425","article-title":"The effects of Augmented Reality applications on the academic achievement and motivation of secondary school students","volume":"11","author":"Top","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malays. Online J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDowell, P., and Lock, J. (2022). Immersive Education: Designing for Learning, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18138-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.03.023","article-title":"An activity theory-based model for serious games analysis and conceptual design","volume":"87","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Lim, T., Carvalho, M.B., Bellotti, F., Arnab, S., De Freitas, S., Louchart, S., Suttie, N., Berta, R., and De Gloria, A. (2015). The LM-GM Framework for Serious Games Analysis, University of Pittsburgh."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878116674399","article-title":"Learning mechanics and game mechanics under the perspective of self-determination theory to foster motivation in digital game based learning","volume":"48","author":"Proulx","year":"2017","journal-title":"Simul. Gaming"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, T., Wang, B., and Zyda, M. (2018, January 7\u201310). Exploring the similarity between game events for game level analysis and generation. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, Malm\u00f6, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1145\/3235765.3235804"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"66","article-title":"Students\u2019 algebraic thinking and attitudes towards algebra: The effects of game-based learning using Dragonbox 12+ App","volume":"5","author":"Siew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. J. Math. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rankin, Y.A., McNeal, M., Shute, M.W., and Gooch, B. (2008, January 9\u201310). User centered game design: Evaluating massive multiplayer online role playing games for second language acquisition. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Video Games, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1401843.1401851"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1145\/2212877.2212883","article-title":"Gamification: Designing for motivation","volume":"19","author":"Deterding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878117709841","article-title":"Creating evaluation profiles for games designed to be fun: An interpretive framework for serious game mechanics","volume":"48","author":"Ulrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Simul. Gaming"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, P., Saraswat, D., Savaliya, D., Sanghavi, S., Verma, A., Sakariya, V., Tanwar, S., Sharma, R., Raboaca, M.S., and Manea, D.L. (2023). Towards Future Internet: The Metaverse Perspective for Diverse Industrial Applications. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11040941"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bors, B. (2023). Game Backend Development: With Microsoft Azure and PlayFab, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-8910-5"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Crockford, D. (2023, February 15). JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). Available online: https:\/\/www.json.org\/json-en.html."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Bharambe, A.R., Pang, J., and Seshan, S. (2006, January 8\u201310). Colyseus: A Distributed Architecture for Online Multiplayer Games. Proceedings of the NSDI, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Karaarslan, E., and Altundas, S. (2023, February 02). Cross-Platform and Personalized Avatars in the Metaverse: Ready Player Me Case. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4249064."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Rigby, S., and Ryan, R. (2023, February 02). The Player Experience of Need Satisfaction (PENS): An Applied Model and Methodology for Understanding Key Components of the Player Experience. Available online: https:\/\/natronbaxter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/PENS_Sept07.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9051-8","article-title":"The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach","volume":"30","author":"Ryan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"4","article-title":"SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale","volume":"189","author":"Brooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Eval. Ind."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Exploring avatar roles for motivational effects in gameful environments","volume":"17","author":"Wanick","year":"2017","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans. Creat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-012-9244-6","article-title":"Designing collaborative multiplayer serious games: Escape from Wilson Island\u2014A multiplayer 3D serious game for collaborative learning in teams","volume":"18","author":"Wendel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01902","article-title":"Me, Myself, and Not-I: Self-discrepancy type predicts avatar creation style","volume":"11","author":"Loewen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheridan, T. (2022). Telepresence: Actual and Virtual: Promises and Perils of Converging New Realities, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003297758"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"893","article-title":"User-generated content and virtual worlds","volume":"10","author":"Lastowka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vand. J. Ent. Tech. Law"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Huang, Y., Zhao, Y., Huang, Z., and Cai, W. (2022, January 21\u201324). User-Generated Content and Editors in Video Games: Survey and Vision. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoG51982.2022.9893717"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.02.008","article-title":"Blockchain for the metaverse: A Review","volume":"143","author":"Gadekallu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/4\/124\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:04:04Z","timestamp":1760123044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/4\/124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["fi15040124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi15040124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}}}