{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T19:19:35Z","timestamp":1774811975218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission as part of the H2020 Framework Programme","award":["957816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["957816"]}]},{"name":"European Commission as part of the H2020 Framework Programme","award":["101103998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101103998"]}]},{"name":"European Commission as part of the H2020 Framework Programme","award":["PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0031"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","award":["957816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["957816"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","award":["101103998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101103998"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","award":["PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0031"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["957816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["957816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101103998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101103998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Buildings can become a significant contributor to an energy system\u2019s resilience if they are operated in a coordinated manner to exploit their flexibility in multi-carrier energy networks. However, research and innovation activities are focused on single-carrier optimization (i.e., electricity), aiming to achieve Zero Energy Buildings, and miss the significant flexibility that buildings may offer through multi-energy coupling. In this paper, we propose to use blockchain technology and ERC-1155 tokens to digitize the heat and electrical energy flexibility of buildings, transforming them into active flexibility assets within integrated multi-energy grids, allowing them to trade both heat and electricity within community-level marketplaces. The solution increases the level of interoperability and integration of the buildings with community multi-energy grids and brings advantages from a transactive perspective. It permits digitizing multi-carrier energy using the same token and a single transaction to transfer both types of energy, processing transaction batches between the sender and receiver addresses, and holding both fungible and non-fungible tokens in smart contracts to support energy markets\u2019 financial payments and energy transactions\u2019 settlement. The results show the potential of our solution to support buildings in trading heat and electricity flexibility in the same market session, increasing their interoperability with energy markets while decreasing the transactional overhead and gas consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15050177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1683769029000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Blockchain Solution for Buildings\u2019 Multi-Energy Flexibility Trading Using Multi-Token Standards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Oana","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1177-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor","family":"Cioara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-5266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionut","family":"Anghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IRENA (2019). 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