{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T23:23:57Z","timestamp":1770679437268,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud computing has become ubiquitous in the enterprise environment as its on-demand model realizes technical and economic benefits for users. Cloud users demand a level of reliability, availability, and quality of service. Improvements to reliability generally come at the cost of additional replication. Existing approaches have focused on the replication of virtual environments as a method of improving the reliability of cloud services. As cloud systems move towards microservices-based architectures, a more granular approach to replication is now possible. In this paper, we propose a cloud orchestration approach that balances the potential cost of failure with the spot market running cost, optimizing the resource usage of the cloud system. We present the results of empirical testing we carried out using a simulator to compare the outcome of our proposed approach to a control algorithm based on a static reliability requirement. Our empirical testing showed an improvement of between 37% and 72% in total cost over the control, depending on the specific characteristics of the cloud models tested. We thus propose that in clouds where the cost of failure can be reasonably approximated, our approach may be used to optimize the cloud redundancy configuration to achieve a lower total cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15090288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T03:45:42Z","timestamp":1693194342000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spot Market Cloud Orchestration Using Task-Based Redundancy and Dynamic Costing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vyas","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9519-886X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13174-014-0011-3","article-title":"Quality-of-Service in Cloud Computing: Modelling Techniques and Their Applications","volume":"5","author":"Ardagna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Internet Serv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8585","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05553-3","article-title":"Virtualization in Cloud Computing: Moving from Hypervisor to Containerization\u2014A Survey","volume":"46","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/LCA.2018.2839189","article-title":"The Architectural Implications of Cloud Microservices","volume":"17","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Archit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., and Kim, Y. (2019). Design and Implementation of High-Availability Architecture for IoT-Cloud Services. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153276"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2017.2702586","article-title":"Cloud Container Technologies: A State-of-the-Art-Review","volume":"7","author":"Pahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, V., and Soh, B. (2022, January 18\u201320). Orchestrating the Resilience of Cloud Microservices Using Task-Based Reliability and Dynamic Costing. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering, Gold Coast, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSDE56538.2022.10089320"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-020-00161-2","article-title":"Pricing Cloud IaaS Computing Services","volume":"9","author":"Dimitri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2927919","article-title":"A Survey of Virtual Machine Management in Edge Computing","volume":"107","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2478\/acss-2018-0003","article-title":"Containers for Virtualization: An Overview","volume":"23","author":"Kirikova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Rocha, A., Ferras, C., and Lopez-Lopez, P. (2021). Information Technology and Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Pu, C., Dou, Q., Wu, L., and Zhou, W. (2018, January 2\u20137). A Comparative Study of Containers and Virtual Machines in Big Data Environment. Proceedings of the IEEE 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2018.00030"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2018.12.001","article-title":"Comparison of Linux Virtual Machines and Containers for a Service Migration in 5G Multi-Access Edge Computing","volume":"6","author":"Gillani","year":"2020","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Shirinbab, S., Lunberg, L., and Casalicchio, E. (2019, January 5\u20139). Performance Comparison Between Scaling of Virtual Machines and Containers Using Cassandra NoSQL Database. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2016.64","article-title":"Microservices Architecture Enables DevOps: Migration to Cloud-Native Architecture","volume":"33","author":"Balalaie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, M., and Mahmood, Z. (2020). Software Engineering in the Era of Cloud Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33624-0"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2016.109","article-title":"The Economics of Microservices","volume":"3","author":"Singleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.12.015","article-title":"Extensible Persistence as a Service for Containers","volume":"87","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2531104","article-title":"A Survey on Resiliency Techniques in Cloud Computing Infrastructure and Applications","volume":"18","author":"Develder","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, B. (1989). Design and Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Digital Systems, Addison-Wesley.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-75002-1_5"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2018.07.015","article-title":"LXCloudFT: Towards High Availability, Fault-Tolerant Cloud System Based Linux Containers","volume":"122","author":"Louati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Enhancing Reliability and Availability Through Redundancy in Vehicular Clouds","volume":"9","author":"Florin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.12.001","article-title":"Towards Agent-Based Petri Net Decision Making Modelling for Cloud Service Composition: A Literature Survey","volume":"130","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5750646","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5750646","article-title":"An Approach to Modelling and Analyzing Reliability for Microservice-Oriented Cloud Applications","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, W. (2017, January 15\u201318). Reliability Prediction for Web Service Composition. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIS.2017.00132"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2020.04.012","article-title":"Effective Replica Management for Improving Reliability and Availability in Edge-Cloud Computing Environment","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, T.-P., Ristov, S., and Fahringer, T. (2018, January 2\u20137). Performance and Behavior Characterization of Amazon EC2 Spot Instances. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2018.00017"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baughman, M., Hass, C., Wolski, R., Foster, I., and Chard, K. (2018, January 11). Predicting Amazon Spot Prices with LSTM Networks. Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Scientific Cloud Computing, Tempe, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3217880.3217881"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, August 22). Spot VMs. Available online: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/spot-vms."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023, August 22). Azure Spot Virtual Machines. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/products\/virtual-machines\/spot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-017-9444-x","article-title":"A Survey on Spot Pricing in Cloud Computing","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, V., and Soh, B. (2022). Improving Fault Tolerance and Reliability of Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems Using Intelligence Transfer. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11172724"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/LCA.2021.3066142","article-title":"RAMBO: Resource Allocation for Microservices Using Bayesian Optimization","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Archit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.07.008","article-title":"A Dataflow-Driven Approach to Identifying Microservices From Monolithic Applications","volume":"157","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2023, July 30). Cloud Reliability Simulator Source Code. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/vyas-oneill\/cloud_reliability_sim."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/9\/288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:39:57Z","timestamp":1760128797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/15\/9\/288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["fi15090288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi15090288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]}}}