{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:01:16Z","timestamp":1773036076074,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty Scholarship Award (FSA) for the academic year of 2022\u20132023 from Bradley University","award":["1326841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1326841"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced new radio (NR) technology for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication to enable delay-sensitive and bandwidth-hungry applications in vehicular communication. The NR system is strategically crafted to complement the existing long-term evolution (LTE) cellular-vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) infrastructure, particularly to support advanced services such as the operation of automated vehicles. It is widely anticipated that the fifth-generation (5G) NR system will surpass LTE C-V2X in terms of achieving superior performance in scenarios characterized by high throughput, low latency, and enhanced reliability, especially in the context of congested traffic conditions and a diverse range of vehicular applications. This article will provide a comprehensive literature review on vehicular communications from dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) to NR V2X. Subsequently, it delves into a detailed examination of the challenges and opportunities inherent in NR V2X technology. Finally, we proceed to elucidate the process of creating and analyzing an open-source 5G NR V2X module in network simulation-3 (ns-3) and then demonstrate the NR V2X performance in terms of different key performance indicators implemented through diverse operational scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1704691298000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Comprehensive Study and Analysis of the Third Generation Partnership Project\u2019s 5G New Radio for Vehicle-to-Everything Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5861-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. G. Md. Nawaz","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Nazmus","family":"Sadat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Suruz","family":"Miah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8468-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameer Ahmed","family":"Sharief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1172-2403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89554","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3090855","article-title":"3GPP NR V2X mode 2: Overview, models and system-level evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, February 22). 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